Case study: Critically assess the employment relations issues that were identified in the industrial dispute between the Australasian Meat Industry Employees’ Union and Teys Australia (Beenleigh) in 2013 and 2014. Information relating to the assignmentwill be placed on the “news€, “Q&A” and “general discussion” forums and will continue to be placed on these forums as requested and required.1. explain and discuss some of the theories of employment relations; 2. discuss and assess the role of governments, unions and employers in the system of employment relations in Australia; 3. identify and critically evaluate the changes in the Australian labour market; 4. discuss the impact of legislation on the practice of employment relations in Australia; and 5. identify and critically evaluate the most important issues that impact on the practice of employment relations in Australia.Journal article more than 10. Report WritingA report is a formal written document providing technical information and informed opinion relating to a specific task.Reports are written for a variety of purposes. Different types of reports include:business reportsfinancial reportsfeasibility studiestechnical reportslaboratory reportshealth and safety reportscase study reports.Reports are considered to be legal documents in the workplace, and must be accurate and concise in order to avoid misinterpretation.A report is broken into sections and subsections, each of which has a heading.A report may include the following:letter of transmittaltitle pageabstractorexecutive summarytable of contentstable of figures and tablesscopeintroductionanalysislistsconclusionrecommendationsappendicesSource: Dwyer, J 2009,The Business Communication Handbook, 8th edn, Pearson Education, Frenchs Forest.Letter of Transmittal – Report Example:1 January 2009The Planning Committee Kalkadoo Shire Council PO Box 102 Kalkadoo Qld 4830Dear CouncillorsPlease find enclosed the Feasibility Study into the damming of the Blue River as requested. The report discusses in detail the findings of the study for your perusal. It is our belief that discussions about the proposed dam should be given a high priority at the next planning meeting scheduled for 12 January 2009.Yours faithfullyJane Brown John BlackJane Brown and John Black Environmental EngineersSource: Learning Skills Unit n.d.,Report Writing, viewed 24 October 2013Abstract – ReportAn abstract or synopsis summarises briefly (150-200 words), the findings of the entire report.It usually contains:the aim or purposemethodology (procedures followed)the main findingsconclusion.The abstract does not include the report’srecommendations.Tip: Theabstractis NOT theintroduction.Example:This report discusses the feasibility study carried out from 12 June 2001 to 7 December 2001 into the damming of the Blue River between Johnson’s Creek and Blackstump Creek. Water flow rates, sediment levels, fish stock numbers, weed infiltration rates and salinity tests have been carried out and positive conclusions have been drawn. It should be noted that areas flooded by the proposed dam include only those areas already declared unusable for agricultural purposes. It is expected that economic opportunities for a fishery, council caravan park, irrigation leases and household water meter reservoirs will be forthcoming within twelve months of the dam’s completion.Source: Learning Skills Unit n.d.,Report Writing, viewed 24 October 2013Table of contents – ReportA table of contents shows the reader where the various sections of the report are located.It is written on a separate page.It includes the page numbers of each section within the report and any appendices that are attached to the report.It does not include thetitlepage,abstractorexecutive summary. These sections are attached to the report before the table of contents page.Example:Note:This is a very simple example of a table of contents. More detailed examples can be found in theFaculty of Business and Informatics Guide for Students.Scope – ReportIn a general sense, scope means”‘the extent of the area or subject matter that something deals with” (The Oxford Dictionary of English).The scope of a report therefore shows what it includes and excludes.It outlines the aims and limitations of the report.Example:This business plan examines investment opportunities for XYZ Holdings over the next 12 months. It will not consider previous investment strategies or comment on the performance of current or former investment consultants.Source:€˜Scope noun’ 2005, inC Soanes & A Stevenson (eds),The Oxford Dictionary of English,(rev. edn), viewed 19 December 2011,Analysis – ReportAnalysis means a ‘detailed examination of the elements or structure of something’ (Oxford Reference Online).In a report, the topic must be examined from different perspectives in order to build up a comprehensive picture.In other words, everything needs to be taken into account before an informed decision can be made.The analysis is part of the main body of a report, and is often its longest section.In the analysis, report writers prove a case by providing:a balanced argumentevidence in the form of statistics, graphs, tables,listsjustification forconclusionsandrecommendations.Conclusion – ReportThe conclusion is a brief section (less than a page) in which the writer analyses the significance of the report’s findings.These findings must derive logically from material presented in the report.A generalisation is then drawn from the specific findings of the research.New information is not included in the conclusion.Information in a conclusion may be presented as dot points.Example:The report demonstrates the viability of the proposed Pine Ridge Resort.Survey results indicate a need for this kind of facility in the community.Some objections may be forthcoming from members of the public concerned with environmental issues.Title page – ReportThe title page of a report should be brief and precise.It contains the following information:the name of the reportwho prepared the reportfor whom the report was preparedthe nature of the reportthe date the report was preparedTip:The title page of a report is NOT the same as an assignment cover sheet.Example:Source:Communications Learning Centre (CLC) n.d.,Report Writing, viewed 19 December 2011Executive Summary – ReportTheexecutive summaryis a one page (or less) statement of a report’s purpose, findings andrecommendations.It is more detailed than theabstract, enabling the reader to see the “big picture” without getting absorbed in technicalities.According to Putnis and Petelin (1999, cited in Dwyer 2006, p. 469), it is ‘an acceptable substitute for the whole report’.Tip:Referencingis not used in the executive summary.Source: Dwyer, J 2009,The Business Communication Handbook, 8th edn, Pearson Education, Frenchs Forest.Tables of figures and tables – ReportIn addition to the Table of Contents, a Table of Figures and Tables is usually required in a report.It is situated immediately after the Table of Contents.It contains a list of figures, statistical tables, diagrams and graphs, including their titles.Example:Introduction – ReportThe introduction consists of two or three paragraphs in which the aims, structure and methodology of the report are outlined.It states clearly the purpose or main task of the report and what the reader can expect to obtain from it.Important background information is included, such as why the report was commissioned in the first place.The introduction may mention previous reports and research projects if the present report builds on, or challenges them.Lists – ReportLists can be used to organise ideas relating to a particular topic.Lists are often used in reports but are not generally found in essays.Whilst a fluent writing style is important, the point of a report is to get information across clearly and concisely.Do not attempt to convince the reader with rhetoric, but with facts, figures and lists.Crucial information may be listed in dot points rather than in prose and paragraphs.Tip: Use dot points where the order of items is not significant; use numbering where the order of items is important.Example:Popular film genres include:· romance· horror· science fiction· adventure· crime.The crucial elements of a formal meal include:1. hors d’oeuvres2. entree3. main course4. dessert5. coffeeAppendices – ReportAn appendix contains important supplementary information, too detailed for inclusion in the main body of the report.This information might be particularly useful to personnel who have to implement the recommendations of the report.A report’s appendices might include:glossary of termsraw data sheetsmapsdiagramssurvey results.The reader’s attention is drawn in-text to the appropriate appendix.Example:A cash flow statement for XYZ Holdings covering the period 2007-2008 is included as Appendix 1.Tip: Always ensure your appendix has a title and the title is included on the table of contents.Example:Appendix 1 – Cash Flow Statement for XYZ Holdings 2007-2008Recommendations – ReportRecommendations are suggestions for further action based on a report’sconclusions.In other words, they outline what the reader should do to solve the problem(s) identified in the report.Not all reports will ask for recommendations.Some reports will have a section where both conclusions and recommendations are given.Recommendations are usually numbered as they tend to follow sequentially.Example:The development of the Pine Ridge Resort should proceed.An environmental impact study should be made to meet community concerns.Work should proceed as soon as possible to take advantage of economic conditions.Reference list – ReportEssays and reports include a separate page containing a list of references.These are the publishing details of works referred to by the writer in producing the document.Example:Smith, J 2008,Book of facts, Penguin Books, London.The reference list is arranged in alphabetical order according to the author’s surname.Abibliographyis a list of references in which extra background reading is listed although it has not been explicitly referred to in the text.A comprehensive guide to referencing and reference lists (including the Harvard style) has been provided by theAcademic Learning CentrehereSource:Academic Learning Services Unit 2013,Abridged Harvard Referencing Guide (author-date) 2013,viewed 24 Oct 2013,https://www.cqu.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/14032/2015_Harvard_Guide_11_Feb_with_colour_Ing.pdfAbout this library guideContent in this Report Writing Guide was created during a collaborative library project consisting of staff from the library and academics.Must do Harvard reference in CQUniversityv An Abridged Guide to the Academic Learning Centre ALSU Edition T1 2015 Harvard Referencing Style The Abridged Guide to the Harvard Referencing Style (author-date) is based on: Commonwealth of Australia 2002, Style manual for authors, editors and printers, 6th edn, John Wiley & Sons Australia, Milton, Qld. This document can be found on CQUniversity’s referencing Web site at http://www.cqu.edu.au/referencing (click on Harvard). Other information about academic writing is available via the Academic Learning Centre’s Moodle site. Maintained by Academic Learning Services Unit Edition T1 2015 Published by CQUniversity Australia COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA WARNING This Material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of CQUniversity pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. CQUniversity CRICOS Codes: 00219C €“ Qld; 01315F €“ NSW; 01624D €“ Vic An Abridged Guide to the Harvard Referencing Style Edition 1, 2015 Academic Learning Centre ALSU i Table of Contents How to use this guide……………………………………………………………………………………………. 1 Part 1: Terms and concepts vital for using Harvard……………………………………………………… 1 Why reference? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1 Key terms…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2 What is plagiarism? …………………………………………………………………………………………………….4 How to reference………………………………………………………………………………………………………..4 Getting started with the reference list…………………………………………………………………………..5 In-text citations…………………………………………………………………………………………………………10 Paraphrasing…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….12 Quoting……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………13 Verbs that help with author prominent referencing………………………………………………………15 Copying or reproducing tables, figures or images………………………………………………………….16 Capitalisation for in-text citations and reference lists ……………………………………………………19 Abbreviation acronyms and initialisms ………………………………………………………………………..21 Abbreviations used in citations …………………………………………………………………………………..23 Latin words and their abbreviations…………………………………………………………………………….27 Part 2: How to use citation examples to assist with your reference list…………………………..28 Hard copy books……………………………………………………………………………………………………….29 E-Books……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………36 Hard copy journal articles…………………………………………………………………………………………..37 Online or electronic journals………………………………………………………………………………………39 Hardcopy newspaper articles……………………………………………………………………………………..40 Online newspaper articles………………………………………………………………………………………….40 Reports…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….41 Conference papers…………………………………………………………………………………………………….42 Other documents on the World Wide Web (WWW) ……………………………………………………..43 Government documents…………………………………………………………………………………………….45 Hard copy government or legal documents………………………………………………………………….46 Law cases…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………47 Hard copy university-provided study materials …………………………………………………………….48 University-provided electronic and multimedia study materials……………………………………..49 Multimedia on the web ……………………………………………………………………………………………..51 Specialised sources……………………………………………………………………………………………………52 Index …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………57 An Abridged Guide to the Harvard Referencing Style P a g e | 1 Academic Learning Centre ALSU Edition 1, 2015 How to use this guide This guide provides an introduction to the intricacies of referencing using the CQUniversity Harvard style of referencing. Part 1 offers explanations of terms and concepts that are vital for the development of your knowledge so you can become proficient at referencing. Labelled and annotated examples are used to assist you. There are a number of variations on the Harvard style of referencing and it is important for you to use the style shown in this guide. Once you are familiar with some of the concepts and key words you will find it much easier to use Part 2 of this guide which contains further examples of in-text and reference-list references. Referencing requires attention to detail, so you will need to refer to these examples and explanations a number of times as you develop references for your assignments. There is much more information about these concepts available to students of CQUniversity in the form of on-campus workshops, online workshops, Info Sheets and videos. These can be found on the Academic Learning Centre (ALC) Moodle site. If you are enrolled in a degree at CQUniversity it is also possible to ask an ALC adviser for some assistance with referencing. Part 1: Terms and concepts vital for using Harvard Why reference? In academic work, you are expected to research specific topics by reading about those topics using a range of different sources. Referencing is how you acknowledge the sources of information you have drawn on in your research. References must be provided whenever you use someone else’s opinions, theories or data. This enables you to: · support your work with the authoritative work of other authors · avoid plagiarism by giving credit to the original source of an idea or piece of information · demonstrate your knowledge of a topic and show that you have researched, read, thought about and come to a point of view on it. You need to reference information from books, articles, DVDs, the World Wide Web, other print or electronic sources and personal communications. A reference is required if you: · use a direct quotation · copy or reproduce (e.g. use figures, tables or structure) · paraphrase (put another person’s ideas into your own words) · summarise (give a brief account of another person’s ideas). The terms above and many others are explained in the following section. P a g e | 2 An Abridged Guide to the Harvard Referencing Style Edition 1, 2015 Academic Learning Centre ALSU Key terms Term Explanation Author The person, group or organisation that created the source. There may be single or multiple authors; or single or multiple editors; or organisations may be credited as authors rather than specific individuals. If the source has no designated author you may use the title in place of the author. Bibliography A complete list of all sources consulted when preparing a piece of work, whether cited in-text or not. It records the full publication details of each source in the same way as for a reference list. Use a bibliography only if specifically requested to do so. Copy or reproduce Inserting an image, figure or table from a source in your own work without modifying it in any way. If you reproduce a table in your work, you should label it as a table and include a citation. Tables should be numbered sequentially with a title above and citation below. If you include data, or some columns of data, from a table in your work, you also need to include a citation. If you include an image, diagram or visual in your text it is referred to as a Figure or a Table which should be numbered sequentially, e.g. Figure 1 or Table 1. These are called labels. The source of the image, figure or table should be typed under the label. E-book, e-book or eBook An eBook is an electronic version of a print book that can be downloaded and read on a computer or other digital device. However, printed copies may not exist and the eBook may be the only version of the text. You may find a complete book or chapters of the eBook. Some of these are free and other must be bought from publishers or suppliers. In text citation or in-text reference This is a reference to other people’s work given in parenthesis (round brackets) in your sentence (in-text). It is a record of the author, date and sometimes page number of any sources you use. Use surnames for in-text citations (no initials). The position of the in-text reference varies depending on where you use author prominent or information prominent citations. An essay with few or no citations will be a cause of concern for lecturers as this may indicate plagiarism or limited research. Journal article Journals are collections of articles that are published on a regular basis to report current research within a discipline. Journals are sometimes referred to as magazines, periodicals or serials. Paraphrase Paraphrasing is putting someone else’s ideas into your own words. When you paraphrase, you must provide an in-text reference to show that the material comes from another source. Quotation A direct quotation is the exact reproduction of someone’s words which is marked with quotation marks or other special formatting. It requires a citation. An Abridged Guide to the Harvard Referencing Style P a g e | 3 Academic Learning Centre ALSU Edition 1, 2015 Term Explanation Reference list The complete list of all sources cited or quoted in the text of your work. The reference list appears at the end of your work. It records the full publication details of each source and is arranged in alphabetical order. Every in-text reference should appear in the reference list, and every item in the reference list should be mentioned at least once in the assignment. Additionally, the references that appear in the text must have the same spellings and dates as the ones in the reference list. Source The place where the information was found. Source type refers to whether the source is a book, article, website etc. and whether it is print or electronic. Referencing rules differ for each source type. Summary A brief account of another person’s ideas or research in your own words. A summary of a work or section of a work, or a general reference to someone’s work or ideas, requires a citation. URL This is the abbreviation for Uniform Resource Locator. It also known as the web address. When including a URL for a source found on the web it is not necessary to include a long URL if the website has a search engine. Leave URL it to break or fit the line in its own way; do not use an enter or a space to push the URL to a new line. If it is pushed onto a new line, the extra enter will make it impossible for the automatic alphabetiser to be used to sort the reference list. P a g e | 4 An Abridged Guide to the Harvard Referencing Style Edition 1, 2015 Academic Learning Centre ALSU What is plagiarism? One of the benefits of becoming proficient at referencing is that it will assist you to avoid plagiarism. CQUniversity’s Academic Misconduct Procedure defines plagiarism as €˜the presentation of work, ideas or data of others as one’s own, without appropriate acknowledgement and referencing’ (CQUniversity 2014, p. 1). This includes using an author’s work, another student’s work, or your own previously submitted work without acknowledging or citing it, all of which are considered forms of plagiarism. CQUniversity has an Academic Misconduct Procedure. You will need to search for it here http://policy.cqu.edu.au/Policy/policy_list.do# Plagiarism is one of the behaviours discussed in this document as it is considered serious misconduct and must be avoided at all times. Developing the following skills will help you to avoid unintentional plagiarism or poor referencing: · note-taking techniques · organising your sources · summarising correctly and efficiently · paraphrasing · using direct quotations appropriately · acknowledging the resources upon which you have based your ideas by referencing intext · referencing your sources correctly in the reference list. For further help on avoiding plagiarism, see the Academic Learning Centre’s Academic Integrity and Plagiarism module, available on the ALC’s Moodle site http://moodle.cqu.edu.au/course/view.php?id=511 Assistance with the skills listed above is provided by the Academic Learning Centre if you are enrolled in a degree at CQUniversity. How to reference The Harvard (Author/Date) system is composed of two elements: in-text citation and a reference list. 1. An in-text citation is the acknowledgement of an author’s words or ideas in the body of your assignment. 2. The reference list is at the end of the document. It lists all of the sources referred to in your assignment in alphabetical order by author’s surname. Information provided in this list includes: author, date, title, publisher and place of publication. Remember to organise your reference list alphabetically using the author’s surname, the organisation or company names. An example of a reference list and a checklist follows in the next section. An Abridged Guide to the Harvard Referencing Style P a g e | 5 Academic Learning Centre ALSU Edition 1, 2015 Getting started with the reference list Organising your resources is a useful skill, so as you decide what will be useful for your research and writing it is important to generate a reference list to avoid losing any relevant information about the source details. This process can be time consuming, but once done it provides a useful tool for developing in-text citations. Remember to check this initial list against those used in-text and remove any unused items because a reference list should only include citations that have been used within your assignment. It does NOT include all your background reading. When including a source in the reference list you must provide the reader with enough information to locate that source. Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4 on the following pages demonstrate how specific sources are included in the reference list. This guide does not contain an exhaustive list of examples, so at times you will need to problem solve to decide how to reference the source you used. Referencing journal articles and periodicals When including a journal article in the reference list, the following elements should be presented in this order: 1. author’s surname (family name) and initials. Even if the source gives the author’s names in full, use only the initials for their given names. When an author has two or more initials, the second initial stands for the middle name. In Western culture, given names are usually placed in front of the family name. If the family name has been placed first this will be indicated by a comma directly after it e.g. Brizee, HA. 2. year of publication 3. title of article in single quotation marks and minimal capitalisation 4. title of journal or periodical in italics and maximal capitalisation 5. volume number 6. issue number or other identifier (for example, Winter) 7. page numbers on which the article begins and ends. Use the format following with journal articles found both in print (hard copy) and in electronic form (soft copy) through the CQUniversity Library catalogue Discover it! or databases, including ACQUIRE. Figure 1: Referencing a journal article Source: Author P a g e | 6 An Abridged Guide to the Harvard Referencing Style Edition 1, 2015 Academic Learning Centre ALSU Journal article from the Web If you find a journal article through a standard Web search (e.g. using Google or MSN, not through a CQUniversity Library database or Discover It!), give the full details of the article as shown in Figure 1 and add the date you viewed the Web page and the Web address of the article. For example: Kennedy, I 2004, €˜An assessment strategy to help forestall plagiarism problems’, Studies in Learning, Evaluation, Innovation and Development, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1€“8, viewed 7 October 2005, http://www.sleid.cqu.edu.au/viewissue.php?id=5 Referencing a book For a book, the following elements should be presented in this order: 1. author’s surname (family name) and initials. Even if the source gives the author’s names in full, use only initials for their given names. When an author has two or more initials the second initial stands for the middle name. In Western culture, given names are usually placed in front of the family name. If the family name has been placed first this will be indicated by a comma directly after it. 2. year of publication 3. title of book in italics and minimal capitalisation 4. the edition, if not the original publication; for example, 4th edn 5. publisher 6. place of publication. There should be commas between all elements except the initials of the author(s) and the date. Figure 2: Referencing a book with one author Source: Author Place of publication refers to the city in which the publisher is located. If several cities are given on the source, use the first-listed city. If the place of publication is little-known or could be confused with another place of the same name, provide the state as well. An Abridged Guide to the Harvard Referencing Style P a g e | 7 Academic Learning Centre ALSU Edition 1, 2015 Law case For a case of law the following elements should be presented in the following order: 1. The case name 2. The year of case 3. The volume number 4. The law report series 5. The starting page of the source. Figure 3: Referencing a law case Source: Author Referencing a website For a website, the following elements should be presented in the following order: · name of the author/sponsor/owner of the site/ organisation/department · year of publication on the Web€”if no date, use n.d. · title of page/site in italics and minimal capitalisation · date you viewed the site typed in full (day, month, year) · URL underlined, black font, no full stop. Figure 4: Referencing a website Source: Author Using URL references URLs are underlined and in black font; most word processing packages will automatically underline the Internet address. P a g e | 8 An Abridged Guide to the Harvard Referencing Style Edition 1, 2015 Academic Learning Centre ALSU Long URLs To avoid very long URLs, it is acceptable to give the home page for a website rather than the exact URL of the page you are referencing as long as the website has a search facility. For example: Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2013, Australian social trends: pregnancy and work transitions, 2013, cat. no. 4102.0, viewed 18 November 2014, http://www.abs.gov.au/ The €˜Cite’ option in CQUniversity Library’s Discover It! service If you find an item in Discover It! you can use the €˜Cite’ button on the right-hand side of the screen to generate the citation for you. This time saving €˜cite’ button will display your item in a number of different referencing styles but be aware that the referencing style called Harvard in Discover It! is a USA version of Harvard, so it is NOT the same as the Australian version of Harvard used by CQUniversity. Be sure to use the referencing style shown in this Harvard guide to adapt the €˜Cite’ reference to suit CQUniversity’s style. Unpublished sources Always try to use published materials for your assignments. Unpublished materials usually comprise theses or papers presented at a conference. You must also ask the lecturer for permission if you want to use material from one of your previous assessment tasks. Sample reference list References Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2014, Where do migrants come from?, cat. no. 4102.0, viewed 20 October 20014, http://www.abs.gov.au Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities 2012, Salinity, fact sheet, viewed 18 November 2014, http://www.environment.gov.au/water/publications/quality/factsheet-salinity-and-water-quality Gottliebsen, R 2004, €˜1964€“2004 and beyond’, Australian, 28 July, p