Lab Assignment for Week #7

This week you will be analyzing information from both macroscopic and microscopic urinalyses from four fictional patients to make a medical diagnosis based on the information provided. Use the background information in this course to help you make the proper diagnosis for each patient and help you to answer the questions assigned.

Patient #1

Danny S. is a 27-year-old male who complains of being tired and frequently hungry. In spite of an increasing appetite, he is losing weight. He has also noticed that the few minor paper cuts on his hands are taking a long time to heal.

Macroscopic Urinalysis:

Color: yellow Clarity: clear Odor: slightly sweet Leukocytes: negative Nitrite: negative Urobilinogen: negative Protein:100+ pH: 6.0 Blood: negative Specific Gravity: 1.010 Ketone: moderate Bilirubin: negative Glucose: 250mg/dl Microscopic Examination: Crystals were present in his urine sample.

Patient # 2

Sheila M. is a 74-year-old female who is a chronic cigarette smoker and is overweight. Lately she has been experiencing swelling in her hands and feet and has been experiencing problems sleeping. She is also complaining of nausea and occasional vomiting. Her physician has determined that she has high blood pressure and has pain and tenderness in her lower back.

Macroscopic Urinalysis:

Color: dark amber Clarity: cloudy Odor: slight odor Leukocytes: negative

Nitrite: negative Urobilinogen: negative Protein: 300+ pH: 5 Blood: moderate Specific Gravity: 1.005 Ketone: moderate Bilirubin: negative Glucose: negative Microscopic Examination: A significant amounts of red blood cells and casts were found in her urine sample. Patient #3 Patrick T. is a 35-year-old male who went to the emergency room complaining of severe pain in his left side and back. He states that the pain comes in waves and fluctuates in intensity. He also feels the need to urinate frequently, but then can only urinate in small amounts. Macroscopic Urinalysis: Color: Yellow Clarity: slightly cloudy Odor: slight odor Leukocytes: negative Nitrite: negative Urobilinogen: negative Protein: trace pH: 8 Blood: small Specific Gravity: 1.005 Ketone: negative Bilirubin: negative Glucose: negative Microscopic Examination:

A small amount of red blood cells and a significant number of crystals were found in his urine sample. Patient #4 Susan K is a 20-year-old female. She has experienced an increased urge to urinate and uncomfortable pressure in her lower back. She has also been having occasional chills.

Macroscopic Urinalysis: Color: Yellow Clarity: slightly cloudy Odor: slight odor Leukocytes: positive/moderate Nitrite: positive Urobilinogen: negative Protein: trace pH: 7 Blood: negative Specific Gravity: 1.020 Ketone: negative Bilirubin: negative Glucose: negative Microscopic Examination:

A significant number of leukocytes, bacteria and crystals were found in her urine sample.

Analysis Results: Indicate your diagnosis for each patient below (40 points/10 points each):

Patient No. Medical Diagnosis

1. Danny S.

2. Sheila M.

3. Patrick T.

4. Susan K.

Assignment Questions (60 points total/10 points per question):

1. What kind of crystals would you expect to see in: a. Patient #1- (Danny S.) urine sample? b. Patient #3- (Patrick T.) urine sample? c. Patient #4- (Susan K.) urine sample?

2. A patient’s urine is red in color, but microscopic examination of the sample shows no evidence of blood, crystals, or bacteria. What other factor(s) might explain the color of the urine?

3. What is the difference between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus? 4. Why are kidney problems so serious? 5. The presence of ketones in urine can be caused by what two types of

conditions?

6. What are the three important hormones produced by the kidneys and what are their functions?