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Chapter 4

Emotional Development:Smiles ( 7-10)

• 2 types – Difference – Importance

Emotional Development:Cries (9)

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Emotional Regulation and Coping (11)

• During the first year of life

– infant develops (intensity and duration )

• In their second year (speak)

Describing and Classifying Temperament (12)

• Researchers have described and classified the temperament of individuals in three different ways

• Chess and Thomas’ Classification

– Activity Level

– Adaptability

– Emotionality

• Kagan’s

– Behavioral Inhibition

• Inhibition to the unfamiliar

• Rothbart/Bates

– Effortful control

Goodness of Fit and Implications for Parenting (14)

• Goodness of fit — the match between temperament and the environmental demands with which child must cope

• Children differ from each other very early in life

– attention to and respect for individuality

– structure the child’s environment

– avoid applying negative labels to the child

(Putnam, Sanson, & Rothbart, 2002)

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Personality Development (15)

• Emotions and temperament form key aspects – Erikson — first year of life is characterized by the trust versus mistrust

second year of life – Autonomy-Erikson

Attachment (20)

• Attachment — a close emotional bond between two people

• Harry Harlow’s classic study • Bowlby

• Bowlby suggests there are 4 phases

• 1. Nonfocused orienting and signaling (0 – 2 months)

– Pre attachment-(social smile)

• 2. Focus on one or more figures (2 – 7 months)

– Attachment in the making

The Infant’s Attachment to the Parents Establishing Attachment (21)

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The Infant’s Attachment to the Parents Establishing Attachment (21)

• 3. Secure base behavior (7 – 24 months)

• 4. Internal model (24 months and beyond)

– Child can imagine how her behavior would affect the bonds with her caregiver

Attachment (22-24)

• Securely attached: explores environment, displays positive emotion at caregiver return

•Insecurely Resistant: clings and hard to comfort

ATTACHMENT (22-24)

– Insecure avoidant: avoids caregiver

but shows distress/crying when

caregiver leaves

Insecure disorganized:

disorientation; extreme

fearfulness may be shown

even with caregiver

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https://youtu.be/FD771ASTMes
61_strangea.mpg
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Social Contexts: The Family (27)

• A constellation of subsystems

– marital relations,

– parenting, and

– infant behavior and development

– (Jay Belsky,1981)

(c) 2012 The McGraw-Hill

Companies, Inc.

Maternal and Paternal Caregiving (30-31)

• Mothers – Child centered

• Fathers –Includes play

• Sensitivity is important

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Variations in Child Care (33)

• Factors that influence the effects of child care

– the age of the child

– the type of child care

– the quality of the program

• Strategies to follow

– Recognize that the quality of your parenting is a key factor in your child’s development

– Make decisions that will improve the likelihood that you will be good parents

– Monitor your child’s development

– Take some time to find the best child care

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