1. How are ‘institutional’ contexts constituted or created in our everyday lives? Do institutional contexts primarily exist in physical features of a setting that are exogenous to social interaction and independent of social actors (e.g., buildings, uniforms, instruments/tools)? Or are institutional contexts created and maintained endogenously through social interaction? Explain your answer with an example. 2. What are three fundamental assumptions of conversation analysis (CA)? 3. What are the properties of adjacency pairs? How do they structure (i) action, and (ii) the understanding of action? Does the adjacency pair concept/rule describe: an empirical invariance, or a statistical regularity, or a social norm?  4. Why do interactants acknowledge answers to questions with ‘oh’? What interactional work do speakers use ‘oh’ to do? 5. Why don’t (i) doctors, (ii) news interviewers, (iii) teachers and (iv) lawyers in court acknowledge answers to questions with ‘oh’? Are the considerations impacting this avoidance the same or different across these different settings? 6. What are the three main overarching characteristics of institutional talk, and how do the practices of institutional talk generally relate to those of ordinary conversation? 7. What are the six main analytic areas you can examine to find these three main overarching characteristics (from question #6)? 8. Where do you tend to find special turn-taking systems in institutional talk? 9. What are the four main kinds of interactional asymmetries that tend to exist between lay and professional persons in institutional interaction? 10. What is ‘institutional euphemism’ and ‘professional cautiousness’? Purchase answer to see full attachment Tags: social interaction institutional contexts conversation analysis Student has agreed that all tutoring, explanations, and answers provided by the tutor will be used to help in the learning process and in accordance with our company’shonor code & terms of service.

MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics

Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered throughout the MLA Handbook and in chapter 7 of the MLA Style Manual. Both books provide extensive examples, so it’s a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question.

BASIC IN-TEXT CITATION RULES

In MLA Style, referring to the works of others in your text is done using parenthetical citations. This method involves providing relevant source information in parentheses whenever a sentence uses a quotation or paraphrase. Usually, the simplest way to do this is to put all of the source information in parentheses at the end of the sentence (i.e., just before the period). However, as the examples below will illustrate, there are situations where it makes sense to put the parenthetical elsewhere in the sentence, or even to leave information out.

General Guidelines

• The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1) upon the source medium (e.g. print, web, DVD) and (2) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited page.
• Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry on the Works Cited page.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS: AUTHOR-PAGE STYLE

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author’s last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author’s name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).

Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS FOR PRINT SOURCES WITH KNOWN AUTHOR

For print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.

Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as “symbol-using animals” (3).

Human beings have been described as “symbol-using animals” (Burke 3).

These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry on the Works Cited page:

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. University of California Press, 1966.