Assignment 5 Content Analysis 1. What is inter-coder reliability? 2. Provide two research question that can be answered by conducting content analysis. Tip: Content analysis can ONLY examine research questions related to media content. Content is very important here because what you want to study by using content analysis should be about some type of content on media. For example, you can examine how prime-time TV shows portray medical doctors, what music is commonly used in fast-food advertisements, or how cancer risks are explained in science news. Remember, content analysis does NOT address anything about what people (including audiences of mass and social media) think, like, or behave. RQs about the effects of media on human beings, such as ‘people like something after watching TV news,’ ‘people will exercise more often after watching fashion ad,’ or ‘men watch ESPN more frequently than women,’ cannot be examined by content analysis. You may ask, wait, why an RQ like ‘the portrait of medical doctors in prime-time TV shows’ can be examined by content analysis? Aren’t medical doctors considered as human beings? Please pay attention to the difference here. This RQ investigates ‘medical doctors on TV shows’, which is considered as media content. You are not actually studying doctors in your life. Neither does this RQ check what audience think or evaluate doctors. Everything about this RQ stays within the boundary of media content. RQ1: RQ2: 3. In each of your research questions proposed in Q2, what is the population? Tip: Same as the tip of Q2, the population of a content analysis study should always be a specific type of media content, rather than human beings. If your answer defines the population to be some groups of human beings, such as ‘college students,’ ‘middle-aged housewives,’ then it is 100% wrong here. RQ1: RQ2: 4. In each of the research question you want to study, briefly describe how you could sample the content? Tip: you can define a keyword to sample (search) a specific type of content on YouTube, New York Times website. RQ1: RQ2: 5. Suppose Dr. C wants to analyze types of sexual content in music lyrics. She has two coders to analyze the content for her. The final sample results in 100 songs selected from the Top 100 billboard, which consisted of 530 paragraphs and 3128 sentences. The coders will use one coding sheet for each sentence during the coding process. What is the unit of analysis in this study? a. Each song b. Each paragraph c. Each sentence Purchase answer to see full attachment Tags: numerical evaluation political campaigns female leaders campaign advertisements Facebook and Twitter User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following our company’shonor code & terms of service.

MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics

Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered throughout the MLA Handbook and in chapter 7 of the MLA Style Manual. Both books provide extensive examples, so it’s a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question.

BASIC IN-TEXT CITATION RULES

In MLA Style, referring to the works of others in your text is done using parenthetical citations. This method involves providing relevant source information in parentheses whenever a sentence uses a quotation or paraphrase. Usually, the simplest way to do this is to put all of the source information in parentheses at the end of the sentence (i.e., just before the period). However, as the examples below will illustrate, there are situations where it makes sense to put the parenthetical elsewhere in the sentence, or even to leave information out.

General Guidelines

• The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1) upon the source medium (e.g. print, web, DVD) and (2) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited page.
• Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry on the Works Cited page.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS: AUTHOR-PAGE STYLE

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author’s last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author’s name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).

Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS FOR PRINT SOURCES WITH KNOWN AUTHOR

For print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.

Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as “symbol-using animals” (3).

Human beings have been described as “symbol-using animals” (Burke 3).

These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry on the Works Cited page:

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. University of California Press, 1966.