Prompt: What have your experiences told you about the differences in organizational life for white men and for women and people of color? If you are a white male, do you believe these differences are real and viable? If you are a woman or a person of color (or both), do you think your workplace experiences are influenced by your gender, culture, or ethnicity? How do factors such as disability and sexual orientation make a difference in organizational life? Chapter 12 Women and Minorities: Today’s Organizations ? Glass ceiling ? Mommy track ? Color discrimination ? Off-ramp ? Greater difficulty in getting a job ? On-ramp ? Greater difficulty in climbing the ladder ? Outsider within ? Lean in Stereotyping and Discrimination ? Often view women and people of color in biased ways ? Prejudice ? Discrimination ? Stereotypes ? Not always overt and simplistic ? Little evidence prejudice and discrimination are decreasing ? New forms are also emerging Relational Barriers in Organizational Support ? Limited access to or exclusion from communication networks ? Produces disadvantages ? Minority employee networks (affinity groups) ? Employees experience most success when develop differentiated network ? Women often have to develop interpersonal style that men are comfortable with Relational Barriers in Organizational Support ? Women breaking into executive positions rank having an influential mentor as crucial ? Would prefer to develop mentoring relationship with woman ? Often shortage ? Male-female mentoring relationship can be difficult Relational Barriers in Organizational Support ? Mentoring can be challenging for minority employees ? Successful membership could be achieved if openly discussed or suppressed depending on interaction style ? Tokenism Beyond Women and Minorities ? Others who are in some way ‘different’ ? Co-cultural groups ? Disabilities (ADA established in 1990 — amended in 2008) ? LGBT community (Employment NonDiscrimination Act) Beyond Women and Minorities ? GLBT ? Not wide-ranging legislation for GLBT employees ? Individual states — anti-discrimination laws ? Employment Non-Discrimination Act introduced in 1994 — still being discussed The Multicultural Organization ? Phases of workplace development ? First-generation affirmative action ? Second-generation affirmative action ? Multicultural organization Diverse Organization: Opportunities ? Cox and Blake — competitive advantages ? Business case for diversity ? Bottom line benefits ? High turnover may be spurred by stereotyping, absence of mentors, and high costs of recruiting and training ? Lack of common frame of reference may get in way Diverse Organization: Opportunities ? Increased creativity ? Enhanced problem-solving ? Need diversity mind-sets Diverse Organization: Opportunities ? Managing diverse groups poses communication challenges ? When first formed, diverse groups can be inferior ? Over time, groups develop both communicative strategies and wider range of alternatives Diverse Organization: Challenges ? Avoiding negative effects of diversity management programs ? Civil Rights Act of 1964 ? Affirmative action programs ? ADA ? ENDA ? Debates continue about the efficacy of these programs Diverse Organizations: Challenges ? ? ? ? ? ? Affirmative action programs have resulted in employment gains — but also problems Negative consequences for those trying to help For those who feel victimized Self-view of competence Stigmatization Feel unfairly bypassed Diverse Organizations: Challenges ? Heilman recommends use of merit criteria ? Unambiguous public information regarding qualifications ? Mentoring and networks Diverse Organizations: Challenges ? Balancing Work and Home ? Child care, Elder care, Self care ? Family-friendly programs Managing (Celebrating) Cultural Diversity ? Managing diversity ? Think not about business case but about celebration of diversity Managing (Celebrating) Cultural Diversity ? Spheres of activity ? Education programs ? Human resources system ? Organizational culture ? Mind-sets about diversity ? Programs that support workfamily health ? Programs that combat problems ? Life in diverse organization involves attitude and action Purchase answer to see full attachment Explanation & Answer: 250 words Tags: Diversity Issues discrimination and stereotyping Organizational Diversity Processes Student has agreed that all tutoring, explanations, and answers provided by the tutor will be used to help in the learning process and in accordance with our company’shonor code & terms of service.

MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics

Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered throughout the MLA Handbook and in chapter 7 of the MLA Style Manual. Both books provide extensive examples, so it’s a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question.

BASIC IN-TEXT CITATION RULES

In MLA Style, referring to the works of others in your text is done using parenthetical citations. This method involves providing relevant source information in parentheses whenever a sentence uses a quotation or paraphrase. Usually, the simplest way to do this is to put all of the source information in parentheses at the end of the sentence (i.e., just before the period). However, as the examples below will illustrate, there are situations where it makes sense to put the parenthetical elsewhere in the sentence, or even to leave information out.

General Guidelines

• The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1) upon the source medium (e.g. print, web, DVD) and (2) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited page.
• Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry on the Works Cited page.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS: AUTHOR-PAGE STYLE

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author’s last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author’s name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).

Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS FOR PRINT SOURCES WITH KNOWN AUTHOR

For print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.

Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as “symbol-using animals” (3).

Human beings have been described as “symbol-using animals” (Burke 3).

These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry on the Works Cited page:

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. University of California Press, 1966.