Exercise: Designing an Experiment Instructions: A hypothetical research scenario is below. Based on this scenario, answer the questions that follow. You can answer the questions in the text box with the question number (1.) and your answer. Scenario: A researcher thinks that alcohol consumption affects a person’s speaking rate. The researcher wants to determine if a person who is intoxicated from alcohol has a different speaking rate compared to a person who is sober. Questions: What is the independent variable (Induction X) in this scenario? What is the dependent variable (Observation O) in this scenario? Based on these variables, write a one-tailed hypothesis. Pick a direction. USE THE PDF ATTACHED Is this experiment a Pretest Posttest Control Group Design or a Posttest-Only Control Group Design? How do you know? In 3-5 sentences, explain what would happen in this experiment. What would the participants do? How could you increase experimental control? In 3-5 sentences, what could go wrong with this experiment? How might the researcher lose control of the experiment? Nominal Independent Variable Template for Writing Hypotheses 1. First, determine the independent variable. Nominal? 2. If yes, simply fill in the blanks based on the following (you may have to alter or rearrange some of your words). If no, then use the next page. A. For the Null Hypothesis: There is no difference between (the first category of the independent variable) and (the second category of the independent variable) with respect to (the dependent variable). Example: Independent Variable: type of college major (COMM or non-COMM) Dependent Variable: self-disclosure (amount) HO: There is no difference between COMM majors and non-COMM majors with respect to their amount of self-disclosure. B. For One-Tailed Hypotheses: (the first category of the independent variable) have/are more [or less/greater/lower/ etc.] (the dependent variable) than (the second category of the independent variable). Example: H1: COMM majors have greater self-disclosure than non-COMM majors. OR H1: COMM majors have less self-disclosure than non-COMM majors. C. For Two-Tailed Hypotheses: There is a difference between (the first category of the Independent variable) and (the second category of the independent variable) with respect to (the dependent variable). Example: H1: There is a difference between COMM majors and non-COMM majors with respect to their amount of self-disclosure. Continuous Independent Variable Template for Writing Hypotheses 1. First, determine the independent variable. Continuous? 2. If yes, simply fill in the blanks based on the following (you may have to alter or rearrange some of your words). If no, then use the previous page. A. For the Null Hypothesis: There is no relationship between (the independent variable) and (the dependent variable). Example: Independent Variable: a person’s age (amount) Dependent Variable: self-disclosure (amount) HO: There is no relationship between a person’s age and their amount of self-disclosure. B. For One-Tailed Hypotheses: There is a positive [or negative] relationship between independent variable) and (the dependent variable). (the Example: H1: There is a positive relationship between a person’s age and their amount of self-disclosure. OR H1: There is a negative relationship between a person’s age and their amount of self-disclosure. C. For Two-Tailed Hypotheses: There is a relationship between (the independent variable) and (the dependent variable). Example: H1: There is a relationship between a person’s age and their amount of self-disclosure. Purchase answer to see full attachment Tags: independent variable person intoxicated from alcohol sober person Dependent variable speaking rate Tailed Hypotheses User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following our company’shonor code & terms of service.

MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics

Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered throughout the MLA Handbook and in chapter 7 of the MLA Style Manual. Both books provide extensive examples, so it’s a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question.

BASIC IN-TEXT CITATION RULES

In MLA Style, referring to the works of others in your text is done using parenthetical citations. This method involves providing relevant source information in parentheses whenever a sentence uses a quotation or paraphrase. Usually, the simplest way to do this is to put all of the source information in parentheses at the end of the sentence (i.e., just before the period). However, as the examples below will illustrate, there are situations where it makes sense to put the parenthetical elsewhere in the sentence, or even to leave information out.

General Guidelines

• The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1) upon the source medium (e.g. print, web, DVD) and (2) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited page.
• Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry on the Works Cited page.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS: AUTHOR-PAGE STYLE

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author’s last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author’s name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).

Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS FOR PRINT SOURCES WITH KNOWN AUTHOR

For print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.

Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as “symbol-using animals” (3).

Human beings have been described as “symbol-using animals” (Burke 3).

These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry on the Works Cited page:

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. University of California Press, 1966.