“Final Examination
5
Principles of Management
Multiple Choice Questions
(Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
1) All levels of management between the supervisory level and the top level of
the organization are termed ________.
a. supervisors
b. middle managers
c. foremen
d. first-line managers
2) Division manager is associated with which of the following levels of
management?
a. team leaders
b. first-line managers
c. top managers
d. middle managers
3) Whereas ________ is concerned with the means of getting things done,
________ is concerned with the ends, or attainment of organizational goals.
a. goal attainment; efficiency
b. effectiveness; goal attainment
c. efficiency;
effectiveness
d. effectiveness; efficiency
4) All of the following are managerial roles that are more important at the
higher
levels of the organization except ________.
a. leader
b. negotiator
c. disseminator
d. figurehead
5) Many of Mintzbergs roles align with the basic functions of management. For
example, the ________ role is a part of planning.
a. leader
b. figurehead
c. liaison
d. resource allocation
6) All three of Mintzbergs interpersonal roles are part of the ________
function.
a. controlling
b. planning
c. leading
d. organizing

6
Final Examination
Principles of Management
7) Which one of the following phrases is best associated with managerial
conceptual skills?
a. using information to
solve business problems
b. product knowledge
c. communicating with customers
d. decision making
The Customer Meeting (Scenario)
Kelly, a production supervisor, is responsible for 10 employees who assemble
components into a finished product that is sold to distributors. Kelly reports
to
Ben, a production manager, who in turn reports to Dan, a general manager, who
reports to McKenna, a vice president of operations. Recently, McKenna asked
Dan to have a meeting with Kelly and Ben regarding some customer concerns
in the production area. The focus of the meeting was to judge the validity of
the
customer concerns, and to develop a specific plan to address these concerns.
8) Kelly is considered to be what level of management?
a. superintendent of assembly
b. middle manager
c. first-line manager
d. top manager
9) According to Mintzbergs management roles, the ________ roles involve
receiving, collecting, and disseminating information.
a. informational
b. technical
c. interpersonal
d. decisional
10) Which of the following is one of the four decisional roles that managers
face?
a. monitor
b. resource allocator
c. disseminator
d. handler
11) Bureaucracy is defined as a form of organization characterized by ________.
a. detailed rules and regulations
b. division of labor
c. clearly defined hierarchy
d. all of the above

Final Examination
7
Principles of Management
12) Which of the following early advocates of organizational behavior was the
first
to argue that organizations were open systems?
a. Mary Parker Follett
b. Robert Owens
c. Hugo Munsterberg
d. Chester Barnard
13) Without question, the most important contribution to the developing field
of
organizational behavior came out of the ________.
a. Taylor Studies
b. Hawthorne Studies
c. Parker Studies
d. Porter Studies
14) The contingency approach to management is based upon which of the
following?
a. exceptions to generally
accepted management principles
b. a set of universal management rules
c. knowledge developed based on sophisticated logic models
d. similarities found within all organizations
15) Which of the following involves changing, revolutionizing, transforming, or
introducing new products or services or new ways of doing business?
a. organizational structures
b. organizational systems
c. innovation
d. ethical standards
16) Quality management is driven by a focus on ________.
a. continual improvement
b. knowledge management
c. workplace diversity
d. workplace spirituality

8
Final Examination
Principles of Management
A Look Back (Scenario)
Cindy Schultz, tired from working with customers all day, decided to take a
15-minute nap. She needed to clear her head before the 4:15 p.m. managers
meeting. Her company had recently begun a re engineering process. They were
going through many changes that required extensive management input. As she
leaned back in her chair, Cindy wondered if management processes had always
been this way. She fell asleep and dreamed that she was traveling in a time
machine with Mr. Peabody as her guide. Mr. Peabody took Cindy back through
management history.
17) Cindy spent some time visiting with ________, a researcher who also
contributed to management science by being among the first to use motion
picture films to study hand-and-body motions.
a. Chester Barnard
b. Frank Gilbreth
c. Max Weber
d. Henry Gantt
The New Business (Scenario)
Lois has started on her own childrens clothing manufacturing company. She is a
bit nervous but is confident that the company will succeed. Lois plans to
implement a total quality management program in her company. To launch the
program, she develops a series of training workshops for her managers.
18) In the second workshop, Lois explains the key principles of total quality
management. Which of the following is she most likely to mention?
a. intense focus on the
customer
b. focus on work products rather than processes
c. reduced attention to complaint resolution
d. discipline of employees
19) The third workshop is devoted to understanding how total quality
management defines the term customer. This definition includes ________.
a. only those who register a specific complaint regarding a product or service
b. only those who purchase the organizations products or services
c. suppliers and purchasers, but not company employees
d. all those who interact
with the organizations products or services

Final Examination
9
Principles of Management
20) Organizational culture is concerned with how members perceive the
organization, not whether they ________.
a. like the organization
b. like their bosses
c. like their customers
d. like their peers
21) A company whose managers focus on results, rather than how results are
achieved, most likely possesses a high degree of which of the following?
a. outcome orientation
b. team orientation
c. people orientation
d. aggressiveness
22) Most organizations have ________ cultures.
a. weak to moderate
b. moderate to strong
c. moderate
d. very weak
23) Each of the following is considered an organizational supplier except
providers of ________.
a. labor inputs
b. political pressure
c. materials
d. financial inputs
24) Which of the following best represents a global general environmental
factor?
a. education levels
b. electronic meetings
c. increased surveillance
d. international markets
25) ________ are any constituencies in an organizations external environment
that are affected by the organizations decisions and actions.
a. Pressure groups
b. Stockholders
c. Suppliers
d. Stakeholders

10
Final Examination
Principles of Management
26) The first step of managing external stakeholder relationships is to
identify
whom the stakeholders are. The second step is to ________.
a. determine what specific approach should be used to manage the stakeholder
relationship
b. determine what the courts might do when a stakeholder files a claim against
the organization
c. determine how many stakeholders there are in each stakeholder group
d. determine what
particular interests or concerns these stakeholders might have
The New Medical Product (Scenario)
You are a manager of marketing for your company. The company is planning to
introduce a new medical product that has stirred up controversy among certain
public groups. Members of your research and development department have
pointed out that the company has a history of introducing controversial
products
successfully. Members of your marketing staff respond by emphasizing that this
product is more controversial than any product introduced previously.
27) The public groups that oppose the introduction of the new medical product
are known as which of the following?
a. pressure groups
b. service groups
c. informal groups
d. defense groups
Chris Co. (Scenario)
Mr. Taylor has been hired by Chris Co., a manufacturer of precious metal
jewelry.
Chris Co. has been having significant issues with some of their major stakehold
–
ers. For instance, they have been receiving poor quality products from their
suppliers and complaints from their customers. Mr. Taylor has been hired to
help
resolve these issues and to help build a plan for improving the companys rela
–
tionships with its major stakeholders.
28) Mr. Taylor identifies whom the organizations stakeholders are. This is the
________ step in the process of managing stakeholder relationships.
a. final
b. second
c. third
d. first

Final Examination
11
Principles of Management
29) Among the member countries of the North American Free Trade Agreement,
trade has ________ since the treaty was signed.
a. decreased initially, but increased steadily
b. decreased
c. increased
d. increased in commodities, but decreased in manufactured goods
30) The North American Free Trade Agreement includes ________.
a. the United States, Canada, and Honduras
b. Mexico, Canada, and the
United States
c. Canada, Mexico, and Brazil
d. Columbia, Mexico, and the United Sates
31) Which of the following types of global organizations reflects the
geocentric
attitude?
a. regional organization
b. global company
c. transnational
organization
d. multidomestic corporation
32) In an attempt to be more aggressive, a company might export and import
more. These steps usually require ________.
a. abnormal operations for a geocentric organization
b. the establishment of strategic alliances
c. conducting business in a polycentric manner
d. minimal investment and
minimal risk
33) Franchising is primarily used by ________.
a. service organizations
b. manufacturing organizations
c. political organizations
d. legal organizations
34) Which of the following would most likely occur last in an organizations
global
evolution?
a. hiring foreign brokers to represent the organizations product line
b. cross-cultural training of the companys managers
c. sending domestic employees on regular foreign business trips
d. creating a joint
venture with suppliers around the globe

12
Final Examination
Principles of Management
35) ________ present(s) the greatest risk to an organization going
international.
a. Foreign subsidiaries
b. Strategic alliances
c. Joint ventures
d. Licensing
First Visit Abroad (Scenario)
Bill Sanderson is halfway over the Atlantic and is excited about his first
European
business trip. Bill is confident about this trip but is somewhat concerned
about
the strange habits and foreign languages he will encounter. If only they would
just speak English like everyone else! Bill thinks.
36) If Bill is to become successful as a global manager, he must ________.
a. compete internationally but remain in the United States
b. learn and accept other
cultures
c. attempt to change other cultures to American ways
d. learn to manipulate other business cultures
A New Assignment (Scenario)
Mary was given a new assignment to head up the European division for her multi
–
national organization. Before leaving the United States o take up her new
assign
–
ment she needs training to manage and understand the European division.
37) European multinational firms commonly use a ________ approach which
decentralizes management and other decision to the local country.
a. transnational
b. global
c. supply chain
d. multidomestic
38) The most outspoken advocate of the classical view of social responsibility
is
economist and Nobel laureate, ________.
a. Carnegie Milton
b. Milton Friedman
c. Milton Freeman
d. Charles Darwin

Final Examination
13
Principles of Management
39) Individuals and groups who are affected financially by an organizations
actions are ________.
a. interested parties
b. stockholders
c. beneficiaries
d. consumers
40) One should be cautious in the interpretation, but a summary of more than a
dozen studies analyzing the relationship between organizational social
responsibility and economic performance provides what conclusion?
a. There is a positive
relationship between corporate social involvement and
economic performance.
b. Being socially responsible causes good economic performance.
c. Good economic performance allows firms to be socially responsible.
d. Corporate social involvement tends to devalue stock prices in the long run.
41) Global organizations must ________ their ethical guidelines so that
employees know what is expected of them while working in a foreign location.
a. broaden
b. provide
c. establish
d. clarify
42) At what level do individuals make a clear effort to define moral principles
apart from authority of the groups to which they belong or society in general?
a. conventional level
b. preconventional level
c. principled level
d. value level
43) Social impact management is an approach to managing in which managers
examine the social impacts of their ________.
a. ethics and values
b. social responsibility
c. profits and earnings
d. decisions and actions

44) Under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the normal practice of payments to
the Customs inspectors is ________.
a. against the law regardless of it being a normal practice
b. okay because their
duties are primarily clerical in nature
c. illegal to knowingly corrupt a foreign official
d. against the law because it could lead to smuggling of contraband out of the
country
45) What is the third step in the decision-making process?
a. selecting the best alternative
b. analyzing the
alternatives
c. allocating weights to the criteria
d. implementing the alternative
46) In which step does a decision maker want to be creative in coming up with
possible alternatives?
a. allocating weights to the criteria
b. identifying decision criteria
c. developing alternatives
d. analyzing alternatives
47) Selecting an alternative in the decision-making process is accomplished by
________.
a. selecting the alternative that has the lowest price
b. choosing the one you like best
c. choosing the
alternative with the highest score
d. selecting the alternative that is the most reliable
48) What term is used by Navy aviators to describe a gut feeling that something
isnt right?
a. leemers
b. the creeps
c. regret
d. uneasiness

Final Examination
15
Principles of Management
Is the Picture Clear? (Scenario)
Sharon was the regional manager of a large cable television company. She faced
many problems and decisions daily, such as how to price each market, who to
hire, what kind of technology she should purchase, and how she should handle
the increasing customer complaints. She needed some help sorting these issues
out.
49) Unfortunately, Sharon also faces issues containing information that is
ambiguous or incomplete, such as what kind of technology to purchase.
These are known as ________ problems.
a. hit-and-miss
b. random
c. unstructured
d. variable
Decision-Making Conditions (Scenario)
Sandy Jo is the manager for TrucksRUs, a medium-sized hauling service located
in the Southeast. She is responsible for scheduling trucks, initiating new
routes,
and staffing both existing and new routes. She is currently struggling with
existing
information about the profitability of existing and future truck routes.
50) Sandy Jo knows that she is operating in an uncertain environment. She is
basically a pessimist, and we would, therefore, expect her to follow a
________ strategy.
a. minimax
b. risk
c. certainty
d. maximin
51) Official statements of what an organization says and what it wants its
various
stakeholders to believe are referred to as ________.
a. comprehensive goals
b. stated goals
c. committed goals
d. real goals

16
Final Examination
Principles of Management
52) Strategic plans are plans that apply to the entire organization, establish
the
organizations overall goals, and ________.
a. satisfy the organizations stakeholders
b. guide the organization toward maximizing organizational profits for the
stockholders
c. attempt to satisfy all government regulations while maximizing profits
d. seek to position the
organization in terms of its environment
53) Goals provide the direction for all management decisions and actions and
form the ________.
a. basis for the sharing of profits with the employees at the end
b. desired outcomes that the organizational members will achieve
c. criteria against which
actual accomplishments are measured
d. profit basis that the organizations will accomplish for stockholders
54) Management by objectives (MBO) is a management system in which the first
step is setting specific performance goals that are ________.
a. developed in such a manner that the employees are self-directed and do not
need supervision
b. established that can be easily accomplished
c. jointly determined by
employees and their managers
d. determined by top management with clarity so that the objectives are clear
to
even the most incompetent employee
55) One of the potential problems of MBO programs is that ________.
a. they encourage filling out paperwork
b. employees take goal setting too seriously
c. there may be an
overemphasis by the employee on accomplishing his or her
goals without regard to others in the work unit
d. they may be more effective in times of dynamic environmental change
56) The organizational hierarchy becomes flattened as the responsibility for
establishing goals and developing plans is ________.
a. shifted to a formal planning department
b. more the work of the financial department
c. moved to the middle organizational levels
d. shoved to the lowest
organizational levels

Final Examination
17
Principles of Management
57) What provides clues to what an organization sees as its purpose?
a. the organizations
mission
b. the organizations goals
c. the organizations strategies
d. the organizations business model
58) An example of a core competency of a firm is ________.
a. evaluating tangible and intangible assets
b. developing least-squared exemptions within its accounting system
c. communicating with
customers in their own languages worldwide
d. the corporate reputation
59) There are three main types of growth strategies: ________.
a. concentration, integration, and exfoliation
b. integration, diversification, and infiltration
c. concentration,
integration, and diversification
d. concentration, integration, and focus
60) Growth through ________ is achieved when an organization chooses to grow
by increasing its own business operations.
a. related diversification
b. concentration
c. horizontal integration
d. vertical integration
El Taco Grande (Scenario)
As the original owner of Taco Rocket, you have seen your business holdings grow
substantially over the last 10 years. The number of stores you own and
franchise
has grown by 200 percent and you own a number of companies in related and
unrelated areas.
61) You purchased Shanghai Grill and Zorro Distributors after being in
business for five years. What level of strategy integrates the strategies
of your various business units?
a. functional level
b. business level
c. corporate level
d. strategic level

18
Final Examination
Principles of Management
62) Another purchase you made was to acquire a local coffee-cart chain
with 30 locations around the city. It has low growth potential. BCG would
label this venture a ________.
a. cash cow
b. question mark
c. dog
d. star
63) The line of authority that extends from the upper levels of management to
the
lowest levels of the organization is ________.
a. responsibility factor
b. chain of command
c. unity of command
d. authorized line of responsibility
64) Structure is related to the size of the organization, such that larger
organizations tend to have ________ than smaller organizations.
A) more specialization
B) less departmentalization
C) less centralization
D) fewer rules and regulations
65) Organizational learning cant take place without ________.
a. motivation
b. sharing information
c. goals
d. structure
Eric the Redd (Scenario)
Eric Redd graduated from college and was hired by a corporation that
manufactured parts for the automotive industry. The employees on the assembly
line seemed bored, and their motivation was low. Erics employer decided to try
to
reorganize to increase productivity. During his career, Eric will see his job
change
from an engineer to a more complex job assignment.
66) Eric is offered a chance to help direct the efforts of some employees
assigned
to his work group. This is a chance of Eric to experience ________.
a. divisional structure
b. authority
c. functional structure
d. responsibility

Final Examination
19
Principles of Management
Leather and Lacey (Scenario)
Lacey has been hired as a consultant for XYZ Consulting. Her first assignment
is
to work with one of XYZs newest clients, Custom Leather, Inc., a manufacturer
of
high-end leather furniture. Custom Leather was founded over a decade ago with
the idea that great looking, comfortable leather furniture could be custom made
and delivered to customers in 30 days. Traditionally, retailers stock leather
sofas
to satisfy the desire to receive new furniture fast, limiting the choice of
colors
and style for the consumer. In stark contrast, Custom Leather offers 13
different
styles in over 70 different colors – from rich, deep browns to bright,
sunflower;
sleek, silver grays and bright, ruby red – through a select group of retail
outlets.
Each piece is built to the customers individual requirements and is shipped
within 2-3 weeks. However, the emergence of a new manufacturing technology
has enabled a few, traditionally mass-production competitors to offer greater
customization, minimizing some of Custom Leathers competitive advantage. As a
result, Custom Leather is considering sweeping changes to current work
processes
and organizational structure.
67) Standish is interested in learning more about the link between strategic
decision making and organizational structure. Lacey suggested that the
research and writings of ________, which were based on studies of U.S. firms
in the late 1950s and early 1960s and remain the most seminal study in this
area.
a. Alfred Chandler
b. Arthur Miller
c. Joan Woodward
d. Raymond Kramer
68) ________ creates an unpleasant work environment and undermines workers
ability to perform their job.
a. Diversity
b. Work-family imbalance
c. Sexual harassment
d. A workplace romance

69) What is not one way that organizations are controlling their health care
costs?
a. eliminating health
insurance from their benefit programs
b. passing on additional health care costs to employees
c. providing opportunities for employees to lead healthy lifestyles
d. firing those who refuse to quit smoking

20
Final Examination
Principles of Management
Human Resources Selection (Scenario)
Dennis, the manager of selection in the human resources department, had been
asked by Stephen, his boss, and the vice president of human resources, to
review
the selection methods their firm had been using and to recommend methods for
future use. It seems that recent hires have not been working out, and this
caused
friction between the human resources group and the front-line managers, who
had to utilize the talent sent to them. Additionally, there was also a need to
hire
executives in the company, and due to the responsibility these positions carry,
the company wanted to ensure they selected the best possible people. Dennis
reviewed written tests as a selection method.
70) For the manager positions, Dennis considered using ________, where
candidates go through an exercise that simulates the job.
a. assessment centers
b. realistic job previews
c. work sampling
d. visitation tests
The Internal Hire (Scenario)
Wade McKenzie is a new sales manager for The Potomac Group, a healthcare
finance consulting firm, based in the mid-South. Wade was hired from within the
firm and he is now supervising many of the people he had formerly worked with,
including two friends with whom he competed for his new job. Thus, Wade is
especially cognizant of potential problems stemming from the performance
evaluation process and is conducting lengthy research on the advantages and
disadvantages of the various methods.
71) Over the course of the year, Wade had taken some time to compile and write
down a series of anecdotes about his employees. Some reflect particularly
superior or ineffective performance, others are just plain funny. All the
anecdotes describe specific behaviors of his employees. During the national
sales meeting, time is provided for a break-out session for each region to
meet separately. Wade presents these stories, not revealing the identity of the
salesperson. The salespeople all enjoy the funny stories. Wade makes a point
of commending the superior performance behaviors. After each of the
anecdotes reflecting ineffective behaviors, he asks the group to suggest ideas
for handling the situation differently. This is most reflective of what appraisal
technique?
a. critical incident
b. written essays
c. 360-degree feedback
d. multiperson comparison

Final Examination
21
Principles of Management
72) After the New Year, Wade schedules a day to travel with each of his sales
reps. He presents them with their bonus checks from the preceding year. He
confidentially shares with each of them a report that he recently received
from top management. This report provides a comparison of regional
performance, based upon percentage of quota met, for each quarter and the
entire year. Additionally, individual salespeople are compared on a bar graph
with their peers within the region and corporate-wide, for each quarter and
the year. Finally, each employee is ranked on a percentile scale, indicating
his or her relative performance for the year. Wade must provide management
with a report offering reasons for poor performance and suggesting corrective
actions. This is most representative of which performance evaluation
technique?
a. critical incident
b. graphic rating scales
c. MBO
d. multiperson comparison
73) The ________ stage is complete when members begin to think of themselves
as part of a group.
a. performing
b. storming
c. forming
d. norming
74) An individual confronted by different role expectations has just
encountered
role ________.
a. conflict
b. purpose
c. ambiguity
d. identification
75) Prestige grading, position, or rank within a group is ________.
a. leadership
b. status
c. management
d. membership
76) In comparison to large groups, small groups ________.
a. are better at obtaining diverse input
b. tend to be more homogeneous
c. are faster at
completing tasks
d. have shorter group tenure

22
Final Examination
Principles of Management
King Midas (Scenario)
King Midas Manufacturing Co. has been utilizing groups to improve their manu
–
facturing process. The groups have been starting and stopping for the last 3
years. Some of the most successful groups were together for only a few months
and others have been together for over a year and one-half with little to no
suc
–
cess. Management has requested your consulting expertise in determining why
there were varied successes and failures. Your analysis of the system indicates
that part of the explanation for the diversity of results could simply be the
devel
–
opment stage of the group.
77) Group 791 has been meeting for 4 months and presents itself as having close
relationships between its members, considerable cohesiveness, and a focus
on its objectives. Group 791 is at the ________ stage.
a. norming
b. adjourning
c. forming
d. storming
78) Which category of change involves work processes, methods, and equipment?
a. competitors
b. technology
c. structure
d. people
79) Which of the reasons for resistance to change expressed by an employee may
be beneficial to the organization?
a. refreezing
b. uncertainty
c. freezing
d. change is incompatible
with the interests of the organization
80) For ________ to be effective, there must be mutual trust and credibility
be-
tween managers and employees.
a. participation
b. education
c. coercion
d. negotiation

Final Examination
23
Principles of Management
81) Stress symptoms can be grouped under any of the following three general
categories except ________.
a. cultural
b. behavioral
c. physiological
d. psychological
82) Changes in eating habits are a ________ symptom of stress.
a. physical
b. psychological
c. inertial
d. behavioral
83) In the statement, The highway is very busy at 5 p.m. and is scary to drive
on, so Ill wait until 7 p.m. to go home, the phrase, The highway is very
busy, represents which component of an attitude?
a. emotive
b. cognitive
c. behavioral
d. affective
84) The ________ component of attitude is based on emotions.
a. behavioral
b. cognitive
c. affective
d. practice
85) On the MBTI, if you are a good planner, you would probably score high on
________.
a. intuitive
b. thinking
c. judgmental
d. extrovert
86) What are the three factors that act to shape and sometimes distort percep-
tion?
a. distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency
b. assumed similarity, stereotyping, and the halo effect
c. the perceiver, the
target, and the situation
d. attribution theory, fundamental attribution error, and self-serving bias

24
Final Examination
Principles of Management
Just Your Type Employees (Scenario)
Doug has recently been promoted to manager of a group of 13 scientists. All of
his employees are well educated and have been with the company for a minimum
of three years. In an attempt to learn more about the employees and to better
as
–
sign them to jobs that they will enjoy, he has administered the Myers-Briggs
Type
Indicator (MBTI).
87) George dislikes telling people unpleasant things and relates well to most
people. George tends to be ________.
a. intuitive
b. introverted
c. feeling
d. sensing
88) Feedback returns the message to the sender and provides a check on
________.
a. how well the receiver is doing
b. whether understanding
has been achieved
c. the ability of the receiver to perform the task
d. what the sender should do the next time a message is sent
89) The Japanese value decisions by consensus, and open communication is
________.
a. not an integral part of the process of consensus making
b. an inherent part of the
work setting
c. an acceptable manner of accomplishing the work
d. initiated by the lower levels of the organization to bring about change
90) When there is an interest in the efficiency and speed of communication
between managers at different levels and in different departments, then
________.
a. diagonal communication
should be used
b. informal communication will work the fastest
c. lateral communication is ideal
d. upward communication works best

Final Examination
25
Principles of Management
91) An intranet is an organizational communication network that uses Internet
technology and is ________.
a. accessible only by
organizational employees
b. faster than using the Internet
c. used to communicate with suppliers and customers alike
d. available to anyone with the correct password
Margaret: Communications Expert (Scenario)
Margaret works as the human resource manager for Horizon Software, Inc., a soft
–
ware development firm that focuses on the development and implementation of
customized JAVA-based applications for Fortune 500 companies. Unfortunately,
the past few months have been challenging because employees have become
upset due to the lack of communication among company managers. Margaret
decided that it was imperative to conduct an organizational communication work
–
shop for these managers.
92) Margaret warned that the entire communication process is susceptible to
________disturbances that interfere with the transmission, receipt, or
feedback of a message.
a. flux
b. vibration
c. static
d. noise
93) The importance that an individual places on a potential outcome ”

“Final Examination
5
Principles of Management
Multiple Choice Questions
(Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)
1) All levels of management between the supervisory level and the top level of
the organization are termed ________.
a. supervisors
b. middle managers
c. foremen
d. first-line managers
2) Division manager is associated with which of the following levels of
management?
a. team leaders
b. first-line managers
c. top managers
d. middle managers
3) Whereas ________ is concerned with the means of getting things done,
________ is concerned with the ends, or attainment of organizational goals.
a. goal attainment; efficiency
b. effectiveness; goal attainment
c. efficiency;
effectiveness
d. effectiveness; efficiency
4) All of the following are managerial roles that are more important at the
higher
levels of the organization except ________.
a. leader
b. negotiator
c. disseminator
d. figurehead
5) Many of Mintzbergs roles align with the basic functions of management. For
example, the ________ role is a part of planning.
a. leader
b. figurehead
c. liaison
d. resource allocation
6) All three of Mintzbergs interpersonal roles are part of the ________
function.
a. controlling
b. planning
c. leading
d. organizing

6
Final Examination
Principles of Management
7) Which one of the following phrases is best associated with managerial
conceptual skills?
a. using information to
solve business problems
b. product knowledge
c. communicating with customers
d. decision making
The Customer Meeting (Scenario)
Kelly, a production supervisor, is responsible for 10 employees who assemble
components into a finished product that is sold to distributors. Kelly reports
to
Ben, a production manager, who in turn reports to Dan, a general manager, who
reports to McKenna, a vice president of operations. Recently, McKenna asked
Dan to have a meeting with Kelly and Ben regarding some customer concerns
in the production area. The focus of the meeting was to judge the validity of
the
customer concerns, and to develop a specific plan to address these concerns.
8) Kelly is considered to be what level of management?
a. superintendent of assembly
b. middle manager
c. first-line manager
d. top manager
9) According to Mintzbergs management roles, the ________ roles involve
receiving, collecting, and disseminating information.
a. informational
b. technical
c. interpersonal
d. decisional
10) Which of the following is one of the four decisional roles that managers
face?
a. monitor
b. resource allocator
c. disseminator
d. handler
11) Bureaucracy is defined as a form of organization characterized by ________.
a. detailed rules and regulations
b. division of labor
c. clearly defined hierarchy
d. all of the above

Final Examination
7
Principles of Management
12) Which of the following early advocates of organizational behavior was the
first
to argue that organizations were open systems?
a. Mary Parker Follett
b. Robert Owens
c. Hugo Munsterberg
d. Chester Barnard
13) Without question, the most important contribution to the developing field
of
organizational behavior came out of the ________.
a. Taylor Studies
b. Hawthorne Studies
c. Parker Studies
d. Porter Studies
14) The contingency approach to management is based upon which of the
following?
a. exceptions to generally
accepted management principles
b. a set of universal management rules
c. knowledge developed based on sophisticated logic models
d. similarities found within all organizations
15) Which of the following involves changing, revolutionizing, transforming, or
introducing new products or services or new ways of doing business?
a. organizational structures
b. organizational systems
c. innovation
d. ethical standards
16) Quality management is driven by a focus on ________.
a. continual improvement
b. knowledge management
c. workplace diversity
d. workplace spirituality

8
Final Examination
Principles of Management
A Look Back (Scenario)
Cindy Schultz, tired from working with customers all day, decided to take a
15-minute nap. She needed to clear her head before the 4:15 p.m. managers
meeting. Her company had recently begun a re engineering process. They were
going through many changes that required extensive management input. As she
leaned back in her chair, Cindy wondered if management processes had always
been this way. She fell asleep and dreamed that she was traveling in a time
machine with Mr. Peabody as her guide. Mr. Peabody took Cindy back through
management history.
17) Cindy spent some time visiting with ________, a researcher who also
contributed to management science by being among the first to use motion
picture films to study hand-and-body motions.
a. Chester Barnard
b. Frank Gilbreth
c. Max Weber
d. Henry Gantt
The New Business (Scenario)
Lois has started on her own childrens clothing manufacturing company. She is a
bit nervous but is confident that the company will succeed. Lois plans to
implement a total quality management program in her company. To launch the
program, she develops a series of training workshops for her managers.
18) In the second workshop, Lois explains the key principles of total quality
management. Which of the following is she most likely to mention?
a. intense focus on the
customer
b. focus on work products rather than processes
c. reduced attention to complaint resolution
d. discipline of employees
19) The third workshop is devoted to understanding how total quality
management defines the term customer. This definition includes ________.
a. only those who register a specific complaint regarding a product or service
b. only those who purchase the organizations products or services
c. suppliers and purchasers, but not company employees
d. all those who interact
with the organizations products or services

Final Examination
9
Principles of Management
20) Organizational culture is concerned with how members perceive the
organization, not whether they ________.
a. like the organization
b. like their bosses
c. like their customers
d. like their peers
21) A company whose managers focus on results, rather than how results are
achieved, most likely possesses a high degree of which of the following?
a. outcome orientation
b. team orientation
c. people orientation
d. aggressiveness
22) Most organizations have ________ cultures.
a. weak to moderate
b. moderate to strong
c. moderate
d. very weak
23) Each of the following is considered an organizational supplier except
providers of ________.
a. labor inputs
b. political pressure
c. materials
d. financial inputs
24) Which of the following best represents a global general environmental
factor?
a. education levels
b. electronic meetings
c. increased surveillance
d. international markets
25) ________ are any constituencies in an organizations external environment
that are affected by the organizations decisions and actions.
a. Pressure groups
b. Stockholders
c. Suppliers
d. Stakeholders

10
Final Examination
Principles of Management
26) The first step of managing external stakeholder relationships is to
identify
whom the stakeholders are. The second step is to ________.
a. determine what specific approach should be used to manage the stakeholder
relationship
b. determine what the courts might do when a stakeholder files a claim against
the organization
c. determine how many stakeholders there are in each stakeholder group
d. determine what
particular interests or concerns these stakeholders might have
The New Medical Product (Scenario)
You are a manager of marketing for your company. The company is planning to
introduce a new medical product that has stirred up controversy among certain
public groups. Members of your research and development department have
pointed out that the company has a history of introducing controversial
products
successfully. Members of your marketing staff respond by emphasizing that this
product is more controversial than any product introduced previously.
27) The public groups that oppose the introduction of the new medical product
are known as which of the following?
a. pressure groups
b. service groups
c. informal groups
d. defense groups
Chris Co. (Scenario)
Mr. Taylor has been hired by Chris Co., a manufacturer of precious metal
jewelry.
Chris Co. has been having significant issues with some of their major stakehold
–
ers. For instance, they have been receiving poor quality products from their
suppliers and complaints from their customers. Mr. Taylor has been hired to
help
resolve these issues and to help build a plan for improving the companys rela
–
tionships with its major stakeholders.
28) Mr. Taylor identifies whom the organizations stakeholders are. This is the
________ step in the process of managing stakeholder relationships.
a. final
b. second
c. third
d. first

Final Examination
11
Principles of Management
29) Among the member countries of the North American Free Trade Agreement,
trade has ________ since the treaty was signed.
a. decreased initially, but increased steadily
b. decreased
c. increased
d. increased in commodities, but decreased in manufactured goods
30) The North American Free Trade Agreement includes ________.
a. the United States, Canada, and Honduras
b. Mexico, Canada, and the
United States
c. Canada, Mexico, and Brazil
d. Columbia, Mexico, and the United Sates
31) Which of the following types of global organizations reflects the
geocentric
attitude?
a. regional organization
b. global company
c. transnational
organization
d. multidomestic corporation
32) In an attempt to be more aggressive, a company might export and import
more. These steps usually require ________.
a. abnormal operations for a geocentric organization
b. the establishment of strategic alliances
c. conducting business in a polycentric manner
d. minimal investment and
minimal risk
33) Franchising is primarily used by ________.
a. service organizations
b. manufacturing organizations
c. political organizations
d. legal organizations
34) Which of the following would most likely occur last in an organizations
global
evolution?
a. hiring foreign brokers to represent the organizations product line
b. cross-cultural training of the companys managers
c. sending domestic employees on regular foreign business trips
d. creating a joint
venture with suppliers around the globe

12
Final Examination
Principles of Management
35) ________ present(s) the greatest risk to an organization going
international.
a. Foreign subsidiaries
b. Strategic alliances
c. Joint ventures
d. Licensing
First Visit Abroad (Scenario)
Bill Sanderson is halfway over the Atlantic and is excited about his first
European
business trip. Bill is confident about this trip but is somewhat concerned
about
the strange habits and foreign languages he will encounter. If only they would
just speak English like everyone else! Bill thinks.
36) If Bill is to become successful as a global manager, he must ________.
a. compete internationally but remain in the United States
b. learn and accept other
cultures
c. attempt to change other cultures to American ways
d. learn to manipulate other business cultures
A New Assignment (Scenario)
Mary was given a new assignment to head up the European division for her multi
–
national organization. Before leaving the United States o take up her new
assign
–
ment she needs training to manage and understand the European division.
37) European multinational firms commonly use a ________ approach which
decentralizes management and other decision to the local country.
a. transnational
b. global
c. supply chain
d. multidomestic
38) The most outspoken advocate of the classical view of social responsibility
is
economist and Nobel laureate, ________.
a. Carnegie Milton
b. Milton Friedman
c. Milton Freeman
d. Charles Darwin

Final Examination
13
Principles of Management
39) Individuals and groups who are affected financially by an organizations
actions are ________.
a. interested parties
b. stockholders
c. beneficiaries
d. consumers
40) One should be cautious in the interpretation, but a summary of more than a
dozen studies analyzing the relationship between organizational social
responsibility and economic performance provides what conclusion?
a. There is a positive
relationship between corporate social involvement and
economic performance.
b. Being socially responsible causes good economic performance.
c. Good economic performance allows firms to be socially responsible.
d. Corporate social involvement tends to devalue stock prices in the long run.
41) Global organizations must ________ their ethical guidelines so that
employees know what is expected of them while working in a foreign location.
a. broaden
b. provide
c. establish
d. clarify
42) At what level do individuals make a clear effort to define moral principles
apart from authority of the groups to which they belong or society in general?
a. conventional level
b. preconventional level
c. principled level
d. value level
43) Social impact management is an approach to managing in which managers
examine the social impacts of their ________.
a. ethics and values
b. social responsibility
c. profits and earnings
d. decisions and actions

44) Under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the normal practice of payments to
the Customs inspectors is ________.
a. against the law regardless of it being a normal practice
b. okay because their
duties are primarily clerical in nature
c. illegal to knowingly corrupt a foreign official
d. against the law because it could lead to smuggling of contraband out of the
country
45) What is the third step in the decision-making process?
a. selecting the best alternative
b. analyzing the
alternatives
c. allocating weights to the criteria
d. implementing the alternative
46) In which step does a decision maker want to be creative in coming up with
possible alternatives?
a. allocating weights to the criteria
b. identifying decision criteria
c. developing alternatives
d. analyzing alternatives
47) Selecting an alternative in the decision-making process is accomplished by
________.
a. selecting the alternative that has the lowest price
b. choosing the one you like best
c. choosing the
alternative with the highest score
d. selecting the alternative that is the most reliable
48) What term is used by Navy aviators to describe a gut feeling that something
isnt right?
a. leemers
b. the creeps
c. regret
d. uneasiness

Final Examination
15
Principles of Management
Is the Picture Clear? (Scenario)
Sharon was the regional manager of a large cable television company. She faced
many problems and decisions daily, such as how to price each market, who to
hire, what kind of technology she should purchase, and how she should handle
the increasing customer complaints. She needed some help sorting these issues
out.
49) Unfortunately, Sharon also faces issues containing information that is
ambiguous or incomplete, such as what kind of technology to purchase.
These are known as ________ problems.
a. hit-and-miss
b. random
c. unstructured
d. variable
Decision-Making Conditions (Scenario)
Sandy Jo is the manager for TrucksRUs, a medium-sized hauling service located
in the Southeast. She is responsible for scheduling trucks, initiating new
routes,
and staffing both existing and new routes. She is currently struggling with
existing
information about the profitability of existing and future truck routes.
50) Sandy Jo knows that she is operating in an uncertain environment. She is
basically a pessimist, and we would, therefore, expect her to follow a
________ strategy.
a. minimax
b. risk
c. certainty
d. maximin
51) Official statements of what an organization says and what it wants its
various
stakeholders to believe are referred to as ________.
a. comprehensive goals
b. stated goals
c. committed goals
d. real goals

16
Final Examination
Principles of Management
52) Strategic plans are plans that apply to the entire organization, establish
the
organizations overall goals, and ________.
a. satisfy the organizations stakeholders
b. guide the organization toward maximizing organizational profits for the
stockholders
c. attempt to satisfy all government regulations while maximizing profits
d. seek to position the
organization in terms of its environment
53) Goals provide the direction for all management decisions and actions and
form the ________.
a. basis for the sharing of profits with the employees at the end
b. desired outcomes that the organizational members will achieve
c. criteria against which
actual accomplishments are measured
d. profit basis that the organizations will accomplish for stockholders
54) Management by objectives (MBO) is a management system in which the first
step is setting specific performance goals that are ________.
a. developed in such a manner that the employees are self-directed and do not
need supervision
b. established that can be easily accomplished
c. jointly determined by
employees and their managers
d. determined by top management with clarity so that the objectives are clear
to
even the most incompetent employee
55) One of the potential problems of MBO programs is that ________.
a. they encourage filling out paperwork
b. employees take goal setting too seriously
c. there may be an
overemphasis by the employee on accomplishing his or her
goals without regard to others in the work unit
d. they may be more effective in times of dynamic environmental change
56) The organizational hierarchy becomes flattened as the responsibility for
establishing goals and developing plans is ________.
a. shifted to a formal planning department
b. more the work of the financial department
c. moved to the middle organizational levels
d. shoved to the lowest
organizational levels

Final Examination
17
Principles of Management
57) What provides clues to what an organization sees as its purpose?
a. the organizations
mission
b. the organizations goals
c. the organizations strategies
d. the organizations business model
58) An example of a core competency of a firm is ________.
a. evaluating tangible and intangible assets
b. developing least-squared exemptions within its accounting system
c. communicating with
customers in their own languages worldwide
d. the corporate reputation
59) There are three main types of growth strategies: ________.
a. concentration, integration, and exfoliation
b. integration, diversification, and infiltration
c. concentration,
integration, and diversification
d. concentration, integration, and focus
60) Growth through ________ is achieved when an organization chooses to grow
by increasing its own business operations.
a. related diversification
b. concentration
c. horizontal integration
d. vertical integration
El Taco Grande (Scenario)
As the original owner of Taco Rocket, you have seen your business holdings grow
substantially over the last 10 years. The number of stores you own and
franchise
has grown by 200 percent and you own a number of companies in related and
unrelated areas.
61) You purchased Shanghai Grill and Zorro Distributors after being in
business for five years. What level of strategy integrates the strategies
of your various business units?
a. functional level
b. business level
c. corporate level
d. strategic level

18
Final Examination
Principles of Management
62) Another purchase you made was to acquire a local coffee-cart chain
with 30 locations around the city. It has low growth potential. BCG would
label this venture a ________.
a. cash cow
b. question mark
c. dog
d. star
63) The line of authority that extends from the upper levels of management to
the
lowest levels of the organization is ________.
a. responsibility factor
b. chain of command
c. unity of command
d. authorized line of responsibility
64) Structure is related to the size of the organization, such that larger
organizations tend to have ________ than smaller organizations.
A) more specialization
B) less departmentalization
C) less centralization
D) fewer rules and regulations
65) Organizational learning cant take place without ________.
a. motivation
b. sharing information
c. goals
d. structure
Eric the Redd (Scenario)
Eric Redd graduated from college and was hired by a corporation that
manufactured parts for the automotive industry. The employees on the assembly
line seemed bored, and their motivation was low. Erics employer decided to try
to
reorganize to increase productivity. During his career, Eric will see his job
change
from an engineer to a more complex job assignment.
66) Eric is offered a chance to help direct the efforts of some employees
assigned
to his work group. This is a chance of Eric to experience ________.
a. divisional structure
b. authority
c. functional structure
d. responsibility

Final Examination
19
Principles of Management
Leather and Lacey (Scenario)
Lacey has been hired as a consultant for XYZ Consulting. Her first assignment
is
to work with one of XYZs newest clients, Custom Leather, Inc., a manufacturer
of
high-end leather furniture. Custom Leather was founded over a decade ago with
the idea that great looking, comfortable leather furniture could be custom made
and delivered to customers in 30 days. Traditionally, retailers stock leather
sofas
to satisfy the desire to receive new furniture fast, limiting the choice of
colors
and style for the consumer. In stark contrast, Custom Leather offers 13
different
styles in over 70 different colors – from rich, deep browns to bright,
sunflower;
sleek, silver grays and bright, ruby red – through a select group of retail
outlets.
Each piece is built to the customers individual requirements and is shipped
within 2-3 weeks. However, the emergence of a new manufacturing technology
has enabled a few, traditionally mass-production competitors to offer greater
customization, minimizing some of Custom Leathers competitive advantage. As a
result, Custom Leather is considering sweeping changes to current work
processes
and organizational structure.
67) Standish is interested in learning more about the link between strategic
decision making and organizational structure. Lacey suggested that the
research and writings of ________, which were based on studies of U.S. firms
in the late 1950s and early 1960s and remain the most seminal study in this
area.
a. Alfred Chandler
b. Arthur Miller
c. Joan Woodward
d. Raymond Kramer
68) ________ creates an unpleasant work environment and undermines workers
ability to perform their job.
a. Diversity
b. Work-family imbalance
c. Sexual harassment
d. A workplace romance

69) What is not one way that organizations are controlling their health care
costs?
a. eliminating health
insurance from their benefit programs
b. passing on additional health care costs to employees
c. providing opportunities for employees to lead healthy lifestyles
d. firing those who refuse to quit smoking

20
Final Examination
Principles of Management
Human Resources Selection (Scenario)
Dennis, the manager of selection in the human resources department, had been
asked by Stephen, his boss, and the vice president of human resources, to
review
the selection methods their firm had been using and to recommend methods for
future use. It seems that recent hires have not been working out, and this
caused
friction between the human resources group and the front-line managers, who
had to utilize the talent sent to them. Additionally, there was also a need to
hire
executives in the company, and due to the responsibility these positions carry,
the company wanted to ensure they selected the best possible people. Dennis
reviewed written tests as a selection method.
70) For the manager positions, Dennis considered using ________, where
candidates go through an exercise that simulates the job.
a. assessment centers
b. realistic job previews
c. work sampling
d. visitation tests
The Internal Hire (Scenario)
Wade McKenzie is a new sales manager for The Potomac Group, a healthcare
finance consulting firm, based in the mid-South. Wade was hired from within the
firm and he is now supervising many of the people he had formerly worked with,
including two friends with whom he competed for his new job. Thus, Wade is
especially cognizant of potential problems stemming from the performance
evaluation process and is conducting lengthy research on the advantages and
disadvantages of the various methods.
71) Over the course of the year, Wade had taken some time to compile and write
down a series of anecdotes about his employees. Some reflect particularly
superior or ineffective performance, others are just plain funny. All the
anecdotes describe specific behaviors of his employees. During the national
sales meeting, time is provided for a break-out session for each region to
meet separately. Wade presents these stories, not revealing the identity of the
salesperson. The salespeople all enjoy the funny stories. Wade makes a point
of commending the superior performance behaviors. After each of the
anecdotes reflecting ineffective behaviors, he asks the group to suggest ideas
for handling the situation differently. This is most reflective of what appraisal
technique?
a. critical incident
b. written essays
c. 360-degree feedback
d. multiperson comparison

Final Examination
21
Principles of Management
72) After the New Year, Wade schedules a day to travel with each of his sales
reps. He presents them with their bonus checks from the preceding year. He
confidentially shares with each of them a report that he recently received
from top management. This report provides a comparison of regional
performance, based upon percentage of quota met, for each quarter and the
entire year. Additionally, individual salespeople are compared on a bar graph
with their peers within the region and corporate-wide, for each quarter and
the year. Finally, each employee is ranked on a percentile scale, indicating
his or her relative performance for the year. Wade must provide management
with a report offering reasons for poor performance and suggesting corrective
actions. This is most representative of which performance evaluation
technique?
a. critical incident
b. graphic rating scales
c. MBO
d. multiperson comparison
73) The ________ stage is complete when members begin to think of themselves
as part of a group.
a. performing
b. storming
c. forming
d. norming
74) An individual confronted by different role expectations has just
encountered
role ________.
a. conflict
b. purpose
c. ambiguity
d. identification
75) Prestige grading, position, or rank within a group is ________.
a. leadership
b. status
c. management
d. membership
76) In comparison to large groups, small groups ________.
a. are better at obtaining diverse input
b. tend to be more homogeneous
c. are faster at
completing tasks
d. have shorter group tenure

22
Final Examination
Principles of Management
King Midas (Scenario)
King Midas Manufacturing Co. has been utilizing groups to improve their manu
–
facturing process. The groups have been starting and stopping for the last 3
years. Some of the most successful groups were together for only a few months
and others have been together for over a year and one-half with little to no
suc
–
cess. Management has requested your consulting expertise in determining why
there were varied successes and failures. Your analysis of the system indicates
that part of the explanation for the diversity of results could simply be the
devel
–
opment stage of the group.
77) Group 791 has been meeting for 4 months and presents itself as having close
relationships between its members, considerable cohesiveness, and a focus
on its objectives. Group 791 is at the ________ stage.
a. norming
b. adjourning
c. forming
d. storming
78) Which category of change involves work processes, methods, and equipment?
a. competitors
b. technology
c. structure
d. people
79) Which of the reasons for resistance to change expressed by an employee may
be beneficial to the organization?
a. refreezing
b. uncertainty
c. freezing
d. change is incompatible
with the interests of the organization
80) For ________ to be effective, there must be mutual trust and credibility
be-
tween managers and employees.
a. participation
b. education
c. coercion
d. negotiation

Final Examination
23
Principles of Management
81) Stress symptoms can be grouped under any of the following three general
categories except ________.
a. cultural
b. behavioral
c. physiological
d. psychological
82) Changes in eating habits are a ________ symptom of stress.
a. physical
b. psychological
c. inertial
d. behavioral
83) In the statement, The highway is very busy at 5 p.m. and is scary to drive
on, so Ill wait until 7 p.m. to go home, the phrase, The highway is very
busy, represents which component of an attitude?
a. emotive
b. cognitive
c. behavioral
d. affective
84) The ________ component of attitude is based on emotions.
a. behavioral
b. cognitive
c. affective
d. practice
85) On the MBTI, if you are a good planner, you would probably score high on
________.
a. intuitive
b. thinking
c. judgmental
d. extrovert
86) What are the three factors that act to shape and sometimes distort percep-
tion?
a. distinctiveness, consensus, and consistency
b. assumed similarity, stereotyping, and the halo effect
c. the perceiver, the
target, and the situation
d. attribution theory, fundamental attribution error, and self-serving bias

24
Final Examination
Principles of Management
Just Your Type Employees (Scenario)
Doug has recently been promoted to manager of a group of 13 scientists. All of
his employees are well educated and have been with the company for a minimum
of three years. In an attempt to learn more about the employees and to better
as
–
sign them to jobs that they will enjoy, he has administered the Myers-Briggs
Type
Indicator (MBTI).
87) George dislikes telling people unpleasant things and relates well to most
people. George tends to be ________.
a. intuitive
b. introverted
c. feeling
d. sensing
88) Feedback returns the message to the sender and provides a check on
________.
a. how well the receiver is doing
b. whether understanding
has been achieved
c. the ability of the receiver to perform the task
d. what the sender should do the next time a message is sent
89) The Japanese value decisions by consensus, and open communication is
________.
a. not an integral part of the process of consensus making
b. an inherent part of the
work setting
c. an acceptable manner of accomplishing the work
d. initiated by the lower levels of the organization to bring about change
90) When there is an interest in the efficiency and speed of communication
between managers at different levels and in different departments, then
________.
a. diagonal communication
should be used
b. informal communication will work the fastest
c. lateral communication is ideal
d. upward communication works best

Final Examination
25
Principles of Management
91) An intranet is an organizational communication network that uses Internet
technology and is ________.
a. accessible only by
organizational employees
b. faster than using the Internet
c. used to communicate with suppliers and customers alike
d. available to anyone with the correct password
Margaret: Communications Expert (Scenario)
Margaret works as the human resource manager for Horizon Software, Inc., a soft
–
ware development firm that focuses on the development and implementation of
customized JAVA-based applications for Fortune 500 companies. Unfortunately,
the past few months have been challenging because employees have become
upset due to the lack of communication among company managers. Margaret
decided that it was imperative to conduct an organizational communication work
–
shop for these managers.
92) Margaret warned that the entire communication process is susceptible to
________disturbances that interfere with the transmission, receipt, or
feedback of a message.
a. flux
b. vibration
c. static
d. noise
93) The importance that an individual places on a potential outcome “