Please write a 2-4 page introduction to your research proposal. In this section you will include the following information: Statement of the problem (What healthcare issues are you addressing in your research proposal) Significance of the topic and and explanation of why this should be studied(supported with evidence and statistics) Target population (who are you studying) Example: Introduction The emergency department (ED) is a critical, fast-paced environment that is susceptible to medical errors. Medical errors are defined as a ‘preventable adverse event or near miss due to the failure of a planned action to be completed as intended or use of a wrong plan to achieve an aim’ (Pham et al., 2012, p. 448). They are the cause of 98,000 annual deaths in the United States. Per the Institute of Medicine (IOM), preventable adverse drug events (ADE) were one of the most prevalent sources of avoidable medical errors with an annual occurrence of 1.5 million events. ADEs are also one of the most expensive errors, costing approximately $3.5 billion each year in the United States in 2006 (Pham et al., 2012). Adverse events were found to take place in 5 to 10% of health incidents with half of the incidents being avoidable (Watters & Truskett, 2013). Among these medical errors are diagnostic errors (incorrect diagnosis or failure to diagnose), which are the leading sources of error in emergency departments (Brown, McCarthy, Kelen & Levy, 2010). Some examples include the medication administration errors, false positive lab test results, unnecessary costs, tests and treatments (Schuur, Hsia, Burstin, Schull, & Pines, 2013). Per a national database of physician malpractice insurers, the payout for diagnostic errors was more than $347 million, which accounted for 46% of emergency department malpractice claims (Brown, McCarthy, Kelen & Levy, 2010). Diagnostic errors alone account for nearly 40,000-80,000 annual deaths in the United States (Pham et al., 2012). Factors in the ED such as psychological stress, fatigue, time pressure, distractions, overwhelming workloads, lack of immediate and complete patient health information can increase the rate of diagnostic errors (Mirvis, 2015). Overcrowding can cause errors such as erroneous documentation and malfunctioning administrative processes in emergency care (Ben-Assuli & Leshno, 2013). Another factor is information overload, which can generate so much anxiety that even coping strategies may become ineffective. Emergency nurse practitioners (ENPs) overwhelmed by these factors can increase the clinical risk to ED patients and increase the risk of ineffective communication (Burley, 2011). System-related interventions such as health information technology (HIT) have the potential to significantly reduce the rates of diagnostic errors, complications, mortality and costs. In 2005, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) reported that the HIT implementation could result in net annual savings of $80 billion (Encinosa & Bae, 2011). HIT has also been reported to save the United States nearly $88 billion in costs over 10 years. Some examples of HIT include bar-coded medication administration (BCMA) systems, computerized physician order entry (CPOE), clinical decision support systems (CDSS), electronic medical records (EMR) and electronic health records (EHR). (Agrawal, 2009). HIT can also notably improve the quality and efficiency of a hospital. After a 41% increase in HIT system adoption, one hospital’s readmission rates decreased by 41% in 2008 through 2012 (Ben-Assuli, Shabtai & Leshno, 2013). In terms of quality, one study from a Latter-Day Saint (LDS) Hospital showed a 55% statistically significant decrease in non-intercepted serious medication errors because of computerized provider entry use. A second study with a time-series design showed an even more significant reduction of 86% in non-intercepted serious medication errors. In terms of efficiency, one study from the Regenstrief Institute found that alerting physicians using computerized order entry resulted in an 11% decrease in treatment delivery time (Chaudhry, 2006). These computer systems can provide a safety net to healthcare providers by lessening their cognitive load. They also back up important patient health files and documents through the aggregation of patient information and feedback assistance (Pham et al., 2012). Purpose This systematic analysis aims to provide a deeper understanding of HIT to healthcare providers, organizations and the public. It considers how diagnostic errors can be reduced in emergency department patients by supplying evidence of positive and negative impacts of HIT from previous academic literature. Providing both perspectives will hopefully assist healthcare providers in becoming more informed about investing in HIT in their organization. Introduction The emergency department (ED) is a critical, fast-paced environment that is susceptible to medical errors. Medical errors are defined as a ‘preventable adverse event or near miss due to the failure of a planned action to be completed as intended or use of a wrong plan to achieve an aim’ (Pham et al., 2012, p. 448). They are the cause of 98,000 annual deaths in the United States. Per the Institute of Medicine (IOM), preventable adverse drug events (ADE) were one of the most prevalent sources of avoidable medical errors with an annual occurrence of 1.5 million events. ADEs are also one of the most expensive errors, costing approximately $3.5 billion each year in the United States in 2006 (Pham et al., 2012). Adverse events were found to take place in 5 to 10% of health incidents with half of the incidents being avoidable (Watters & Truskett, 2013). Among these medical errors are diagnostic errors (incorrect diagnosis or failure to diagnose), which are the leading sources of error in emergency departments (Brown, McCarthy, Kelen & Levy, 2010). Some examples include the medication administration errors, false positive lab test results, unnecessary costs, tests and treatments (Schuur, Hsia, Burstin, Schull, & Pines, 2013). Per a national database of physician malpractice insurers, the payout for diagnostic errors was more than $347 million, which accounted for 46% of emergency department malpractice claims (Brown, McCarthy, Kelen & Levy, 2010). Diagnostic errors alone account for nearly 40,000-80,000 annual deaths in the United States (Pham et al., 2012). Factors in the ED such as psychological stress, fatigue, time pressure, distractions, overwhelming workloads, lack of immediate and complete patient health information can increase the rate of diagnostic errors (Mirvis, 2015). Overcrowding can cause errors such as erroneous documentation and malfunctioning administrative processes in emergency care (Ben-Assuli & Leshno, 2013). Another factor is information overload, which can generate so much anxiety that even coping strategies may become ineffective. Emergency nurse practitioners (ENPs) overwhelmed by these factors can increase the clinical risk to ED patients and increase the risk of ineffective communication (Burley, 2011). System-related interventions such as health information technology (HIT) have the potential to significantly reduce the rates of diagnostic errors, complications, mortality and costs. In 2005, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) reported that the HIT implementation could result in net annual savings of $80 billion (Encinosa & Bae, 2011). HIT has also been reported to save the United States nearly $88 billion in costs over 10 years. Some examples of HIT include bar-coded medication administration (BCMA) systems, computerized physician order entry (CPOE), clinical decision support systems (CDSS), electronic medical records (EMR) and electronic health records (EHR). (Agrawal, 2009). HIT can also notably improve the quality and efficiency of a hospital. After a 41% increase in HIT system adoption, one hospital’s readmission rates decreased by 41% in 2008 through 2012 (Ben-Assuli, Shabtai & Leshno, 2013). In terms of quality, one study from a Latter-Day Saint (LDS) Hospital showed a 55% statistically significant decrease in non-intercepted serious medication errors because of computerized provider entry use. A second study with a time-series design showed an even more significant reduction of 86% in non-intercepted serious medication errors. In terms of efficiency, one study from the Regenstrief Institute found that alerting physicians using computerized order entry resulted in an 11% decrease in treatment delivery time (Chaudhry, 2006). These computer systems can provide a safety net to healthcare providers by lessening their cognitive load. They also back up important patient health files and documents through the aggregation of patient information and feedback assistance (Pham et al., 2012). Purpose This systematic analysis aims to provide a deeper understanding of HIT to healthcare providers, organizations and the public. It considers how diagnostic errors can be reduced in emergency department patients by supplying evidence of positive and negative impacts of HIT from previous academic literature. Providing both perspectives will hopefully assist healthcare providers in becoming more informed about investing in HIT in their organization. Purchase answer to see full attachment Explanation & Answer: 2 pages Tags: diabetes target population healthcare issues User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool’s honor code & terms of service.

MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics

Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered throughout the MLA Handbook and in chapter 7 of the MLA Style Manual. Both books provide extensive examples, so it’s a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question.

BASIC IN-TEXT CITATION RULES

In MLA Style, referring to the works of others in your text is done using parenthetical citations. This method involves providing relevant source information in parentheses whenever a sentence uses a quotation or paraphrase. Usually, the simplest way to do this is to put all of the source information in parentheses at the end of the sentence (i.e., just before the period). However, as the examples below will illustrate, there are situations where it makes sense to put the parenthetical elsewhere in the sentence, or even to leave information out.

General Guidelines

• The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1) upon the source medium (e.g. print, web, DVD) and (2) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited page.
• Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry on the Works Cited page.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS: AUTHOR-PAGE STYLE

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author’s last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author’s name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).

Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS FOR PRINT SOURCES WITH KNOWN AUTHOR

For print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.

Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as “symbol-using animals” (3).

Human beings have been described as “symbol-using animals” (Burke 3).

These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry on the Works Cited page:

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. University of California Press, 1966.