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Overview
In this activity, you will explore all possible morphological types of galaxies, how galaxy properties change as you move between morphologies, and how a galaxy’s color can describe galaxy properties and evolution.

Objectives
After completing this activity students will be able to:

· Describe Hubble’s Tuning Fork and how galaxies are classified

· Identify and classify the different types of galaxies

· Describe how astronomical images are produced, how CCD cameras work, and how and why filters are used

**Note: If a question is labeled “ THOUGHT QUESTION” we are looking for you to show critical thinking/justification in your answer, not a “correct” answer**

Definitions
Here are some terms from lecture that we will be using today in lab:

· Image of hubble’s tuning fork diagramMorphology – the description of the shape of a galaxy, i.e. spiral, elliptical, etc.

· Hubble’s Tuning Fork – organizational scheme for galaxies based on their photometric appearance

· Companion – the term which applies to a secondary galaxy that is in gravitational interaction with the main galaxy in question

· Jet – a focused beam of ionized material, usually moving at velocities near the speed of light

Part 1. Galaxy Classification
The main goal of this lab is to look through images of galaxies and identify which type of galaxy each is. One major tool used to identify galaxies is Hubble’s Tuning Fork. Edwin Hubble worked extensively on galaxies in the early 1900s trying to understand how they changed over time. Through this work he noticed that there were two main types of galaxies: elliptical and spiral. Some spiral galaxies have central bar-like features in their center, and these are classified as “barred spirals.” Hubble then developed his tuning fork, shown in Figure 1, where the handle contains elliptical galaxies and the fork shows spirals the top and barred spirals at the bottom.

THE TUNING FORK IS NOT AN EVOLUTIONARY PATH!

The S0, or lenticular, galaxies are a bit different. They have morphological properties of both ellipticals and spirals. S0 galaxies have very large central bulges, like ellipticals, and very small, faint disks with no spiral arms (almost like spirals). Irregulars (Sm; not shown) are a class of galaxy that do not fall under any standard morphology. They have no clear structure and appear highly disorganized in shape.

Image of hubble’s tuning fork diagram Figure 1: A simple schematic of Hubble’s Tuning Fork

Go to the following galaxy image database:

http://www.astro.gsu.edu/lab/website/labstuff/classification.html

Here you will find images of galaxies that have a known classification. The links to these galaxies are at the top, images show to the left. The unknown galaxies have links at the bottom and will show on the right.

1. Use Hubble’s Tuning Fork and the reference images in the database to classify the morphology of each unknown galaxy image (numbered 1-20) to the best of your ability. You will need to note for each galaxy whether or not there is visible spiral structure, rings, and/or bars. You will also need to note the presence of any other notable features, such as companions, jets, etc. Record your answers in Table 1.

Table 1: Hubble Classifications

#

Ring?

Spiral?

Bar?

Other

Hubble Type

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

Part 2. Questions
2. What type of galaxy has more young stars, gas and dust – elliptical or spiral? Where in the galaxy is the dust seen?

3. What type of galaxy appears to have more old, red stars and fewer young blue stars –elliptical or spiral? In both galaxy types, where are the old, red stars typically seen?

4. Given what you now know about the different types of galaxies, what is an S0 (lenticular) galaxy? i.e., a young, newly formed galaxy, a middle aged/older galaxy, something else? Explain your answer.

5. THOUGHT QUESTION: What type of event(s) do you think would have happened to cause the odd shapes of irregular (Sm) galaxies?

6. The color images of galaxies use 3 main colors – blue, red, and yellow – what physical characteristics of galaxies do these correspond to?

7. Many galaxies, when observed directly through a telescope, do not appear as beautiful and colorful as the color images that you have seen. Where do the colors in these images come from?

8. THOUGHT QUESTION: In your own words, describe how the galaxies change as you move down the fork, i.e. what are the changes in the galaxies’ properties as you look at different subtypes?

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What is the difference between a meridian (or longitude) and a parallel (or latitude)? Indicate the latitude and longitude of 5 of the following locations (your choice):

The Statue of Liberty
Mount Rushmore
The Eiffel Tower
The Taj Mahal
The Sydney Opera House
Mount Fuji
Stonehenge

List and describe the four types of distortions that can result from map projections.
List and describe the three ways to indicate scale on a map.
What are GIS, GPS, and Remote Sensing and how do these technologies contribute to more accurate and timely geographic information on Earth?
How do you use these technologies (if any) in your everyday life?

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The central theme of this submission will be on the positive and negative news surrounding the Canadian Commodity Uranium ore and processed product on the UN Sustainable Goals, as shown pictured on the next page.

You are using the assigned Canadian Resource Commodity URANIUM and your chosen target Country, following closely the country designated.

Essential information should be the effect of FAKE NEWS on the shipment of URANIUM Products and its impact on trade and market entry within your chosen destination Country.

It would be best to illustrate how this Canadian commodity URANIUM will positively affect the given destination country you or your team have selected. You may work individually or as a group (2,3,4) member. If working in a group, you must choose one of the TEAM’s members destination countries (if different) to complete your Final Submission on or before December 20, 2021, at 11.59 a.m. This should be carefully chosen if the team represents numerous home country or

The PPT/Keynote presentation must include Uranium’s benefits and potential drawbacks in applying the UN Sustainable Development goals shown next.

All FIVE (5) of these goals can be discussed from both sides of the argument. Still, the emphasis should be placed on Canada’s position that this commodity is safe in the right hands. You will be allowed to support or deny the efficacy of this commodity in your final slide of the presentation.

A picture containing text Description automatically generated A picture containing text, sky, outdoor, sandy Description automatically generated A picture containing text, water, outdoor, mammal Description automatically generated A sign on a building Description automatically generated with low confidence A picture containing text, person Description automatically generated

The Five Possible U.N. Sustainable Goals for Comparison in this exam

Process Instructions:

YOUR PPT/ CAMPAIGN SHOULD HAVE THE FOLLOWING ELEMENTS

· EACH PPT Keynote presentation will be sent in the original format, NOT as a PDF document so that Dr. Marshall can play your exam

· if you plan to work as a team, clearly label each participant’s full name and student number, the name with the surnames in alphabetical order with student number on the cover slide or at the last slide in the submission.

· Within the slides themselves, Do not use a font size less than 20 pt .

· Make sure you animate and use appropriate transitions.

· Suggested professional fonts are Helvetica Neuve light or thin, Arial, or Calibri.

· The PPT should have a minimum of 12 slides. More will likely be necessary. There is no upward limit but remember “less is more.”

· Use legitimate news sources and corporate documents to create this submission.

· The Project should be BRANDED in connection with your URANIUM commodity provider.

· Choice of colour and design is essential to this PPT consistent with the product you are selling to your target market.

· When working alone, you must also include ONE reference slide for (photos, contents, and news sources URLs) as an add-on slide at the end of the production.

· You may also create a cover slide with all the demographic data about the document you have produced, i.e., participant name(s), student number(s) etc.

· When working as a group of 2,3, or 4, only ONE reference slide (photos and content, & news source URL’s) should be included along with the names, student numbers and other identifying information for all the program contributors as an add-on slide.

·
· You must contrast and compare a minimum of 2 of the 5 SDGs proposed. This comparison should always be from the dual viewpoint of the “Good, the Bad and the UGLY” (just a colloquial phrase from the movie) as a technique for your comments. Give me both sides and favour the one you like for each SDG you have chosen.

· The final Ten marks is for process and creativity in your presentation, including appropriate “bells and whistles, BRANDING, animations, insertions etc. Narration and video inserts are all welcome but not required.

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 scientists are telling us that Human Civilization may be coming down – collapsing – because people are obliterating Earth’s environments and its natural resources. Humans, even if they are lawyers or doctors, may know too little about Earth and this ignorance creates a problem. Scientists are now informing the world about the sixth mass extinction, sea-level rise, climate change, deforestation, coral reef bleaching, water, and air pollution, acid rains, soil erosion, urban sprawling, ocean acidification, spreading fires, melting ice sheets, desertification, species extinction, toxification of soils, microplastics inside all human bodies, etc. etc. etc. (the list goes on and on). As a species, are humans going down and will become extinct?  Are all of these studies and predictions true or are all of these just scientific exaggerations? Do you think we humans are really going to collapse, or do you think humans will be just fine and will live happy forever?   

The questions provided above are to motivate you to investigate about this topic; you do not need to answer them one by one. The work must be at least three paragraphs long, and each paragraph must contain at least five sentences (you can write more than three paragraphs and more than five sentences per paragraph if you wish to do so).

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Throughout this course we’ve investigated the basics of sustainability (Social Ecology Model), what sustainability means to different economy sectors, the long- term and short-term processes that shape our landforms, how climates play a role in our lifestyles and how our lifestyles affect microclimates, the importance of climate change on flooding and droughts, the health of the SF Bay estuary and how urbanization has affected biodiversity, the benefits and impacts of agriculture, how intricate and vital water resources are for our future, the value and problems of transportation on society, current and future energy use in California, the relevance of trees, parks and wilderness to an urban environment, and the enormity of urban garbage and waste. Although it is impossible for one individual to enact immediate change in all these areas, making small personal changes every day can help move the Bay Area towards a sustainable future.

Project Summary

Your final paper will be a minimum 1,000 word written synopsis of your personal impact on the Bay Area Environment. You need to address the topics covered in this course and how your lifestyle choices relate to each topic (e.g. carbon footprint, water footprint, energy use, transportation habits, dietary habits, etc.).

You should consider formatting your paper around the central question of, “how can I change my lifestyle to promote a sustainable future?” To answer this question you should complete background research by gathering external sources to support your position, include data from your lab assignments (numerical values of your carbon footprint, water footprint, and trash audit), and discuss how both you and the Bay Area as a whole can make changes to be more sustainable going forward.

Deliverable

Your final paper is due by MIDNIGHT on Friday, December 17th. NO LATE PAPERS WILL BE ACCEPTED. Your paper should follow a standard essay format of Introduction, Body Paragraphs, Conclusion, and References. Submit your paper via TurnItIn on iLearn as a PDF or Word Document.

GEOG 301: Bay Area Environments Fall 2021

Rubric I. Introduction (5 points)

• Address the main topic of the paper & its importance. (2 pts) • Provide the central question of your paper (i.e. how can I change

my lifestyle to promote a sustainable future?). (2 pts) II. Discussion

• Part I: (5 points) • Discuss your personal impacts on the Bay Area environment;

make sure to include data from your previous labs in this section (CO2 footprint, H2O footprint & Trash Audit results required). (3 pts)

• Include steps you can take to reduce our personal impact on the Bay Area environment. Discuss personal results and what results mean to you personally. (2 pts)

• Part II: (10 points) • Make connections between the different topics we’ve covered

throughout the semester (example: how water use affects the agriculture industry, the energy sector, waste management, and biogeography). Every topic we’ve covered in this class affects some aspect of the other topics, so connect the dots. I don’t want simple summaries of your favorite topics discussed in class, this final paper needs to connect things together. You need to have, at a minimum, three connections between topics covered in GEOG 301.

• Part III: • Discuss how the Bay Area as a whole can change to promote a

more sustainable future. You can discuss increasing our tree canopy cover, investing in green energy, improving our transportation network, etc. These are changes different from your personal changes discussed in Part I, but you can discuss how your personal changes will affect the societal changes (e.g. installing solar panels on your home).

• This section definitely needs supporting information from outside sources. There are numerous sources posted throughout our iLearn page to get you started. Don’t forget to cite the sources in the text of the paper and include a references section. Minimum number of references is three.

III. Conclusion (

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GET CRITICAL
Select a Geography-related article that is interesting to you (it must be over a full page
when print previewed).
Comparing perspectives: find a Geography- related issue and find two different (cultural,
political or economic) perspectives on that issue.
Read the first chapter of a non-fiction, Geography-related book.
Watch a documentary related to physical or human geography.

GET VIRTUAL
Virtual Landscape Collage: pick a place you are unfamiliar with
Review an online exhibit related to physical or human geography.
Virtual Field Trip: find a virtual field trip for location(s) youve never been to before.
Cultural Products Collage: pick a country you are unfamiliar with; find examples of
cultural artifacts, traditional or modern, multimedia or photos (music, art, pottery, dance,
clothing, language, literature/poetry, food, customs, etc.)
 

PROMPTS
Respond to all parts of prompt (numbers); each part in its own complete paragraph. You will have three paragraphs for each activity response.

Get Critical Prompts:
1. Provide an in your own words summary of the important points.
2. What has to do with Geography? Include terms from class, with in your own words explanations.
3. For the last paragraph, choose from…
a. What were your reactions to what youve read/watched? Describe and detail at least two reactions/thoughts.
b. What consequences can you identify or future predictions can you make?
Describe and detail at least two.

Get Virtual Prompts:
1. Briefly introduce the activity: what did you do? Where did it virtually take you? Why did you select it?
2. What does it have to do with Geography? What could you connect to our class? What spatial perspective questions did you have? Were you able to find answers?
3. Reflect on our early discussions of globalization and global communications technology. What do you think of the experience of connecting to the world virtually? Beneficial or not? What about the places you visited, are they accurately represented? Do they get the same access to your world?

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