For this exercise, you will perform research and develop a brief paper on the subject described below. A Denial of Service (DOS) attack typically involves the misuse of standard TCP/IP protocols or connection processes so that the target for the DOS attack responds in a way designed to create maximum trouble. Read the TECHNICAL FOCUS 11-2 ‘Inside a DoS Attack’ on page 299 and become familiar with the five common types of TCP/IP attacks. Select one attack method and conduct research using the Internet and libraries available through your Cougar-Track account to develop a 900-1000-word (approximately 4 single-space pages) narrative of an actual attack that used the method you selected. Use the following list of significant points to consider as you create your paper. Why was the target selected? (For social, political, financial reasons?) What was the target’s network security posture prior to the attack? (Passively/Actively protected, indifferent about cybersecurity?) What was the loss to the target? (Information, financial data, customer/personal information?) What secondary impact did the attack have, and to whom? (Banks, investments, suppliers, etc.) Identify the person or organization that claimed responsibility for the attack. In your own words, describe why you believe they performed the attack. TECHNICAL FOCUS 11-2 Inside a DoS Attack A DoS attack typically involves the misuse of standard TCP/IP protocols or connection processes so that the target for the DoS attack responds in a way designed to create maximum trouble. Five common types of attacks include the following: • ICMP Attacks The network is flooded with ICMP echo requests (i.e., pings) that have a broadcast destination address and a faked source address of the intended target. Because it is a broadcast message, every computer on the network responds to the faked source address so that the target is overwhelmed by responses. Because there are often dozens of computers in the same broadcast domain, each message generates dozens of messages at the target. • UDP Attacks This attack is similar to an ICMP attack, except that it uses UDP echo requests instead of ICMP echo requests. • TCP SYN Floods The target is swamped with repeated SYN requests to establish a TCP connection, but when the target responds (usually to a faked source address), there is no response. The target continues to allocate TCP control blocks, expects each of the requests to be completed, and gradually runs out of memory. • UNIX Process Table Attacks This is similar to a TCP SYN flood, but instead of TCP SYN packets, the target is swamped by UNIX open connection requests that are never completed. The target allocates open connections and gradually runs out of memory. Finger of Death Attacks This is similar to the TCP SYN flood, but instead the target is swamped by finger requests that are never disconnected. • DNS Recursion Attacks The attacker sends DNS requests to DNS servers (often within the target’s network) but spoofs the from address so the requests appear to come from the target computer that is overwhelmed by DNS responses. DNS responses are larger packets than ICMP, UDP, or SYN responses, so the effects can be stronger. . Adapted from: ‘Web Site Security and Denial of Service Protection,” www.nwfusion.com Purchase answer to see full attachment Explanation & Answer: 1000 words Tags: investments cybersecurity Network security Denial of Service Business Data Communications User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following our company’shonor code & terms of service.

MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics

Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered throughout the MLA Handbook and in chapter 7 of the MLA Style Manual. Both books provide extensive examples, so it’s a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question.

BASIC IN-TEXT CITATION RULES

In MLA Style, referring to the works of others in your text is done using parenthetical citations. This method involves providing relevant source information in parentheses whenever a sentence uses a quotation or paraphrase. Usually, the simplest way to do this is to put all of the source information in parentheses at the end of the sentence (i.e., just before the period). However, as the examples below will illustrate, there are situations where it makes sense to put the parenthetical elsewhere in the sentence, or even to leave information out.

General Guidelines

• The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1) upon the source medium (e.g. print, web, DVD) and (2) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited page.
• Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry on the Works Cited page.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS: AUTHOR-PAGE STYLE

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author’s last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author’s name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).

Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS FOR PRINT SOURCES WITH KNOWN AUTHOR

For print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.

Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as “symbol-using animals” (3).

Human beings have been described as “symbol-using animals” (Burke 3).

These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry on the Works Cited page:

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. University of California Press, 1966.