CMN-504: Introduction to Argumentation CMN-504: Introduction to Argumentation Exercise 10 Identify the form of argument or fallacy related to Similarity in each of the following examples: 1. In 1929, industrial capitalists had exploited natural resources, engaged in uncontrolled speculation, and had a friendly Republican in the Whitehouse. During the Trump administration the conditions are the same. Corporate America and Republican politicians have recreated the conditions that led us into the Great Depression. So now we’re headed for another decade of economic disaster like the 1930s. A. Argument by Analogy B. Argument from Precedent C. Figurative Analogy D. Argument by Degree E. Reciprocity Argument F. False Analogy 2. After the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, and in the midst of the Nazi threat to Europe, the President and Congress quickly instituted a national draft to beef up the ranks of the U.S. military. Now that we are fighting the war in Terror and face growing threats from Iran, North Korea, and Russia, it is time once again to institute a national draft. A. Argument by Analogy B. Argument from Precedent C. Figurative Analogy D. Argument by Degree E. Reciprocity Argument F. False Analogy 3. The representatives of one party were invited to the official White House ceremony. Since this was a bi-partisan legislative effort, it is only fair that the members of the other party also receive invitations. A. Argument by Analogy B. Argument from Precedent C. Figurative Analogy D. Argument by Degree E. Reciprocity Argument F. False Analogy 4. Last year when a B.U. player checked the UNH player from behind causing serious injury, the B.U. player was suspended for three games. Now we have a similar situation with a UMaine player checking the UNH player from behind, causing serious injury. The UMaine player should also be suspended for three games. A. Argument by Analogy B. Argument from Precedent C. Figurative Analogy D. Argument by Degree E. Reciprocity Argument F. False Analogy 5. Since you have given other students in the class an extension on the paper, it is only fair that I also receive the same consideration. You should give me an extension as well. A. Argument by Analogy B. Argument from Precedent C. Figurative Analogy D. Argument by Degree E. Reciprocity Argument F. False Analogy 6. If marijuana use in the middle school is already a problem when the drug is illegal, how much worse will it be if marijuana use is decriminalized? A. Argument by Analogy B. Argument from Precedent C. Figurative Analogy D. Argument by Degree E. Reciprocity Argument F. False Analogy 7. In a case of plagiarism two years ago, the student admitted fault, and the professor recommended the minimum punishment. In the current case, a student has also admitted fault. Therefore, the professor will likely recommend the same minimum punishment. A. Argument by Analogy B. Argument from Precedent C. Figurative Analogy D. Argument by Degree E. Reciprocity Argument F. False Analogy 8. Since the campus newspaper printed the biography of the Student Senate’s preferred candidate for SBP, it is only fair that they print the biography of the challenger from the student radical coalition. A. Argument by Analogy B. Argument from Precedent C. Figurative Analogy D. Argument by Degree E. Reciprocity Argument F. False Analogy 9. Last year, when the band brought its concert tour to Cleveland, rowdy fans trashed the auditorium, and police made hundreds of drug arrests. This year the band plans a return engagement in Cleveland. We should prepare for another rowdy evening with many more drug arrests. A. Argument by Analogy B. Argument from Precedent C. Figurative Analogy D. Argument by Degree E. Reciprocity Argument F. False Analogy 10. In the case of Smith vs. U.S. Immigration, the court ruled that the marriage between the citizen and refugee was fraudulent because the refugee never shared a permanent residence with the citizen. In the Jones case, the government has proven that no residential co-habitation has occurred. Therefore it is likely the court will also rule this marriage a fraud. A. Argument by Analogy B. Argument from Precedent C. Figurative Analogy D. Argument by Degree E. Reciprocity Argument F. False Analogy 11. During the 1918 influenza outbreak some mitigation of the epidemic was achieved by the cancellation of all public events, including town meetings, school assemblies, and religious services. Even funerals were kept strictly private. The similarity with the current COVID-19 pandemic means the same measures would likely work again to stem the quick spread of this dangerous affliction. A. Argument by Analogy B. Argument from Precedent 12. C. Figurative Analogy D. Argument by Degree E. Reciprocity Argument F. False Analogy The insidious influence of consumerism on our moral well-being is like an economic global warming crisis. We do what we want to satisfy our needs without realizing until it is too late that our habits have led to conditions that are both dangerous and irremediable. A. Argument by Analogy B. Argument from Precedent 14. E. Reciprocity Argument F. False Analogy When there was the possibility that his corporate friends could benefit from an oil-motivated war, the U.S. president did not hesitate to manufacture the conditions necessary for invading a sovereign nation, an invasion that cost billions of tax dollars, and thousands of American lives. It seems probable, then, that he would not hesitate to force a delay in the release of scientific data damaging to his corporate friends. A. Argument by Analogy B. Argument from Precedent 13. C. Figurative Analogy D. Argument by Degree C. Figurative Analogy D. Argument by Degree E. Reciprocity Argument F. False Analogy ‘I tell you, on the day of judgment people will render an account for every careless word they speak. By your words you will be acquitted, and by your words you will be condemned.” Then some of the scribes and Pharisees said to him, “Teacher, we wish to see a sign from you.” He said to them in reply, “An evil and unfaithful generation seeks a sign, but no sign will be given it except the sign of Jonah the prophet. Just as Jonah was in the belly of the whale three days and three nights, so will the Son of Man be in the heart of the earth three days and three nights. At the judgment, the men of Nineveh will arise with this generation and condemn it, because they repented at the preaching of Jonah; and there is something greater than Jonah here. At the judgment the queen of the south will arise with this generation and condemn it, because she came from the ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and there is something greater than Solomon here. –Matthew 12:36-42. What kind of argument(s) is Jesus using? Purchase answer to see full attachment Tags: Holy Bible Introduction to Argumentation generation of Pharisees User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following our company’shonor code & terms of service.

MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics

Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered throughout the MLA Handbook and in chapter 7 of the MLA Style Manual. Both books provide extensive examples, so it’s a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question.

BASIC IN-TEXT CITATION RULES

In MLA Style, referring to the works of others in your text is done using parenthetical citations. This method involves providing relevant source information in parentheses whenever a sentence uses a quotation or paraphrase. Usually, the simplest way to do this is to put all of the source information in parentheses at the end of the sentence (i.e., just before the period). However, as the examples below will illustrate, there are situations where it makes sense to put the parenthetical elsewhere in the sentence, or even to leave information out.

General Guidelines

• The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1) upon the source medium (e.g. print, web, DVD) and (2) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited page.
• Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry on the Works Cited page.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS: AUTHOR-PAGE STYLE

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author’s last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author’s name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).

Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS FOR PRINT SOURCES WITH KNOWN AUTHOR

For print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.

Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as “symbol-using animals” (3).

Human beings have been described as “symbol-using animals” (Burke 3).

These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry on the Works Cited page:

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. University of California Press, 1966.