Think about two friendships that you have. Describe your friendship in terms of three of the five types of friendships discussed in the power point and give examples for illustration. Friendships are usually a combination of the types discussed in textbook. An example would be a friendship with high-obligation is usually also high in self-disclosure. CHAPTER 10 Communication in Close Relationships Section 1 Interplay COMMUNICATION IN FRIENDSHIPS Communication in Friendships A voluntary relationship that provides social support Friendships created, managed and maintained through communication Types of Friendships Short vs. long-term Task vs. maintenance-oriented Low vs. high disclosure Low vs. high obligation Infrequent vs. frequent contact Friendships, Gender, and Communication Same-sex friendships Usually first friends Communication differs for men and women Cross-sex friendships Offers many benefits For heterosexuals present challenges with potential for romance Friendships, Gender, and Communication Friends with benefits Includes sexual activity Men and women equally likely to be in FWB relationships FWB partners avoid discussing relational status Gender considerations Sex role Sexual orientation Friendship and Social Media Social networking used to maintain current friendships or revive old ones Only small percentage of online friends are close Also use phoning, texting, emailing, blogging to maintain friendships Communication in Successful Friendships Share joys and sorrows Honor pledges and commitments Share laughs and memories Treat each other with respect Provide a listening ear Have a balanced exchange Maintain confidences Value both connection and autonomy Lend a helping hand Apologize and forgive Stand up for each other Section 2 Interplay COMMUNICATION IN THE FAMILY Communication in the Family Family: system with two or more interdependent people who have a common history and a present reality and who expect to influence each other in the future Creating the Family Through Communication Family narratives Reinforce shared goals Teach moral values Stress family concerns Reflect how members relate to one another Reflect how to operate in the world Communication Rituals and Rules Family rituals center on celebrations or everyday life Families and stepfamilies have many rules governing communication among members and with outsiders Stepchildren avoid more topics with stepparents than parents Patterns of Family Communication Families as communication systems Family members are interdependent A family is more than the sum of its parts Families have systems within the larger system Conversation and Conformity in the Family Conversation orientation Degree to which families favor an open climate of discussion of a wide array of topics High: interact freely, frequently, and spontaneously Low: interact less; less exchange of private thoughts Conformity orientation Degree to which family communication stresses uniformity of attitudes, values, and beliefs High: seek harmony, interdependence, obedience Low: individuality, interdependence, equality Conversation and Conformity in the Family Consensual High conversation/High conformity Pluralistic High conversation/Low conformity Protective Low conversation/High conformity Laissez-faire Low conversation/Low conformity orientation Effective Communication in Families Manage the connection-autonomy dialectic Apparent when children grow into adolescents Most successful families are flexible After children are ‘launched,’ couples have to re-negotiate their ‘couple-ness’ Strive for Closeness While Respecting Boundaries Enmeshed: too much cohesion; too much consensus, too little independence Disengaged: too little cohesion; disconnected, limited attachment/ commitment Creating boundaries: Physical, Conversational, Emotions, Handling of topics Social networking provides challenges for privacy management Use, but Don’t Abuse, Technology and Social Media Changing technologies affect family communication Social networking sites provide new challenges for family privacy management As teens transition into adulthood, they become less concerned about social media Encourage Confirming Messages Confirming behaviors Telling children they are unique and valuable as human beings Genuinely listening to children when told something of importance Disconfirming behaviors Belittling children Making statements that communicate their ideas don’t count Section 3 Interplay COMMUNICATION IN ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS Characteristics of Romantic Relationships Triangular theory of love (Sternberg) Intimacy: closeness and connectedness Passion: physical attraction and emotional arousal Commitment: decision to maintain relationship Commitment Relational commitment involves a promise to remain in a relationship and make that relationship successful Formed and reinforced through communication Behaviors are important, but without language, commitment may not be clear Affection Beneficial for partners Can have discrepancies between feelings and expressions of affection Sexual activity important means of expressing and receiving affection Most satisfying when accompanied by direct verbal communication Effective Communication in Romantic Relationships Learning love languages Words of affirmation Quality time Gifts Acts of service Physical touch Which category is most important to you? Managing Digital Communication Social media impacts relationship Can be a distraction but… Communication via mediated channels help maintain relationships Couples’ use of social networking reflects and affects how they feel about each other Purchase answer to see full attachment Tags: communication FRIENDSHIP highobligation Student has agreed that all tutoring, explanations, and answers provided by the tutor will be used to help in the learning process and in accordance with our company’shonor code & terms of service.

MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics

Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered throughout the MLA Handbook and in chapter 7 of the MLA Style Manual. Both books provide extensive examples, so it’s a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question.

BASIC IN-TEXT CITATION RULES

In MLA Style, referring to the works of others in your text is done using parenthetical citations. This method involves providing relevant source information in parentheses whenever a sentence uses a quotation or paraphrase. Usually, the simplest way to do this is to put all of the source information in parentheses at the end of the sentence (i.e., just before the period). However, as the examples below will illustrate, there are situations where it makes sense to put the parenthetical elsewhere in the sentence, or even to leave information out.

General Guidelines

• The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1) upon the source medium (e.g. print, web, DVD) and (2) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited page.
• Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry on the Works Cited page.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS: AUTHOR-PAGE STYLE

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author’s last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author’s name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).

Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS FOR PRINT SOURCES WITH KNOWN AUTHOR

For print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.

Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as “symbol-using animals” (3).

Human beings have been described as “symbol-using animals” (Burke 3).

These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry on the Works Cited page:

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. University of California Press, 1966.