Describe a situation in which someone ascribed an identity to you that didn’t match your avowed identity. Why do you think the person ascribed the identity to you? Were there any stereotypes involved? What was your reaction? (NOTE: avowed/ascribed identity doesn’t have to simply focus on race/ethnicity/nationality, but can include any other parts of your cultural identity such as gender, sexuality, and class, etc.) (at least 125 words) Read one of the following articles. Briefly summarize the article then identify and explain at least two reasons why it is a segregated, contested, or hybrid cultural space. What is your position on the issue? (at least 125 words) Option A: “Want to tear down insidious monuments to racism and segregation? Bulldoze L.A. freeways”Actions Option B: “Native tribal leaders are calling for the removal of Mount Rushmore” CU LT U R A L S PA CE S PLACING CULTURE & CULTURAL SPACE • Culture, by definition, is rooted in place with a reciprocal relationship between people and place • Culture: • ‘Place tilled’ in Middle English • Colere : ‘to inhabit, care for, till, worship’ in Latin • In the context of globalization, what is the relationship between culture and place? • Culture is both placed and displaced CULTURAL SPACES • Cultural space shapes verbal and nonverbal communicative practices • Ex. Classrooms, church, bar, library • Communicative practices in these spaces reveal meanings in/about the space • Communicative practices include: • The languages, accents, slang, dress, artifacts, architectural design, the behaviors and patterns of interaction, the stories, the discourses and histories • Globalization changes the way we understand cultural spaces PLACE, CULTURAL SPACE, IDENTITY • Stereotypes, assumptions, and judgments are associated with cities, towns, and neighborhoods. • People use cultural space to create avowed and ascribed identities. — Avowed identity: The way we see, label, and make meaning about ourselves. — Ascribed identity: The way others may view, name, and describe us and our group. Examples of how avowed and ascribed identities may conflict? — Michelle’s mother is African American and her father is White. She identifies as biracial. However, people in the United States identify her as Black. The designation of Black as her identity is an ascribed identity. — Miles, who is half Mexican American and half White American, has very light brown skin. He was raised in a predominantly Mexican neighborhood, and he identifies himself as Mexican American. However, his friends regard him as ‘White’ because of his fair skin. His ‘Mexican American’ identity is avowed identity. If ascribed and avowed identities don’t match up, it can cause friction. CASE STUDY: HIP HOP CULTURE • Back in the Day: South Bronx — Black and Puerto Rican youth created forms of cultural expression to reclaim their belonging to place, such as the streets, neighborhoods, and cities • Introduction to hip hop culture • Going Commercial: — Attracted a wide range of audience, including the White youth. — Commercialization and commodification — Gained both criticism and praise for its controversial lyrics and messages. • Going Global: — https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i23NEQEFpgQ — Appropriation: ‘Borrowing,’ ‘mishandling,’ and/or ‘stealing’ across the world CULTURAL SPACE, POWER, & COMMUNICATION • Throughout history and today, space has been used to establish, exert and maintain power and control • Power is signified, constructed and regulated through size, shape, access, containment and segregation of space • Examples in the following slides HOSTILE ARCHITECTURE • https://laist.com/2017/10/26/h ostile_architecture.php MOUNT RUSHMORE • https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/a mericanexperience/features/ rushmore-sioux/ SEGREGATED CULTURAL SPACE • Cultural spaces that are segregated based on socio-economic, racial, ethnic, sexual, political and/or religious differences. • Examples: — The reservation system imposed on Native Americans. — The Jim Crow laws (1865-1960s) that segregated Blacks. — The isolation of Japanese Americans during WWII. — Schools today are re-segregated to the same level as in 1970s — In Hurricane Katrina, low-income, working class neighborhoods were hit the hardest — Gated communities CONTESTED CULTURAL SPACE — Cultural space where people with unequal control and access to resources engage in oppositional and confrontational strategies of resistance and/or contestation • Examples: — Chinese immigrants who came to the U.S. to work from the 1850s onward were forced to live in isolated ethnic enclaves known as Chinatowns in large cities such as San Francisco and New York — Occupy Wall Street; Occupy Oakland; Occupy Boston, etc. CONTESTED CULTURAL SPACE — Boyle Heights — art galleries (PSSST) vs anti-gentrification activists — In a joint statement about PSSST’s closure, Boyle Heights Alliance Against Artwashing and Displacement and Defend Boyle Heights say the neighborhoods needs basic community amenities, like a laundromat and an affordable grocery store, not art galleries. ‘Why was there funding for a 501(c)3 to run a gallery to attract new people to Boyle Heights, but not for services for the existing community?’ they ask. HYBRID CULTURAL SPACE — The intersection of intercultural communication practices that construct meanings in, through and about particular places within a context of relations of power. — Challenges definitions of culture, cultural space, and identity — Can be sites of resistance • Examples: — McDonald’s in any country — Wal-Mart, Starbucks and other American companies are mixed into local cultural spaces around the world HYBRID CULTURAL SPACE AS SITE OF INTERCULTURAL NEGOTIATION • Hybrid cultural spaces as innovative and creative spaces where people constantly adapt to, negotiate with and improvise between multiple cultural frameworks. • Example: — Cultural space of ‘home’ experienced by Asian Indian immigrants in the U.S. — Immigrants create hybrid cultural space to creatively maintain their relationship to their culture and tradition. HYBRID CULTURAL SPACE AS SITE OF RESISTANCE • Hybrid cultural spaces where people challenge stable, territorial, and static definitions of culture, cultural spaces and cultural identities. • Example: — Asian Indian immigrants create hybrid cultural space as a form of resistance to the dominant American culture. — Hybrid cultural space allows them to avoid total assimilation and a loss of their own culture. HYBRID CULTURAL SPACES AS SITES OF TRANSFORMATION • Hegemonic structures are negotiated and reconfigured through hybridization of culture, cultural space, and identity. • Example: — Chicana feminist Gloria Anzaldua uses the notion of ‘borderlands’ to transform the experience of cultural marginalization into a space of oppositional and liberatory identity. Purchase answer to see full attachment Explanation & Answer: 500 words Tags: Budget racism workers segregation high brand store User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following our company’shonor code & terms of service.

MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics

Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered throughout the MLA Handbook and in chapter 7 of the MLA Style Manual. Both books provide extensive examples, so it’s a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question.

BASIC IN-TEXT CITATION RULES

In MLA Style, referring to the works of others in your text is done using parenthetical citations. This method involves providing relevant source information in parentheses whenever a sentence uses a quotation or paraphrase. Usually, the simplest way to do this is to put all of the source information in parentheses at the end of the sentence (i.e., just before the period). However, as the examples below will illustrate, there are situations where it makes sense to put the parenthetical elsewhere in the sentence, or even to leave information out.

General Guidelines

• The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1) upon the source medium (e.g. print, web, DVD) and (2) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited page.
• Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry on the Works Cited page.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS: AUTHOR-PAGE STYLE

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author’s last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author’s name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).

Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS FOR PRINT SOURCES WITH KNOWN AUTHOR

For print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.

Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as “symbol-using animals” (3).

Human beings have been described as “symbol-using animals” (Burke 3).

These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry on the Works Cited page:

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. University of California Press, 1966.