After reading the the Obama messaging chapter, in what ways do you think Obama’s campaign capitalized on the concepts outlined in the Emotion Reading? Be specific about particular messages and how they utilize techniques described. Feel free to use readings from the textbook as well. hment_9 attachment_10 attachment_10 attachment_11 attachment_11 attachment_12 attachment_12 attachment_13 attachment_13 9:46 that are nis STOCK in trade. (p. WK4) In 2008, Democrat Barack Obama won the presidential election and threw a major wrench in the machinery of the permanent majority (Heilemann & Halperin, 2010; Plouffe, 2010). Republicans made a major comeback in the 2010 congressional elections, but by then the idea of a permanent majority had been abandoned. Regardless, the decade from 2000 to 2010 had established the format of a new kind of campaign strategy-one based on appealing to a large partisan base rather than seeking votes from moderate positions. At this writing, many candidates of both parties continue to use this strategy, particularly at the state or district level. Republicans use it in strong Republican districts, while Democrats use it in areas with strong Democratic support. It can still be effective, if the following assumptions are present: 1. Identification with the ereader.perlego.com 9:46 1. Identification with the candidate’s party significantly outpaces that with the opponent’s party, particularly if that partisan identification exceeds a majority. 2. Partisanship becomes the primary anchor for the voters’ decisions. In some areas, a local issue (e.g., weak economy) may override partisan concerns. 3. The candidate has a record of strong identification with the party. Generally, newcomers to either party have a tougher time employing this approach. a Academic research has documented the success of this approach. The theory argues that candidates who emphasized the issues identified with their political party had an electoral advantage. Benoit (2007) later tested and supported that theory in an analysis of candidates’ television ads. ereader.perlego.com 9:46 There are those who raise ethical questions about this approach. Typical of these critics is the work of Hacker and Pierson (2010), who call it ‘winner-take- all’ politics (p. 3). Hacker and Pierson argue that both parties are at fault. They would agree with Baker, who noted that after the Republicans went after Clinton in a partisan-based impeachment effort, It definitely poisoned the well on both sides. Without getting into the merits of anything, there’s no doubt there were Democrats waiting from the day George Bush took office to even the score for Bill Clinton. And Republicans are the same today with Barack Obama and the Rod Blagojevich scandal. (2008, p. WK1) The problem is that partisan campaigns extend beyond the boundaries of the campaign itself, making it harder for legislators to reach consensus on legislation (Hulse, 2010). Positional Strategies ereader.perlego.com 9:46 Positional Strategies One approach to strategy development relies on positional rhetoric to distinguish the candidate from the opposition. While each can have its own distinctive elements, most of these approaches are variations of Shadegg’s easy decision model. In each case, the purpose of the positional strategy is to define a position that will make it easy for the voters to make a decision that favors the candidate. The variations of this approach are too numerous for all of them to be included, but three variations can serve as examples: the ‘only alternative,’ ‘role definition,’ and “triangulation strategies.’ a The only alternative, or the ‘anybody but them’ approach, attempts to position the candidate as the only viable alternative to an unpopular opponent. When there are only two candidates in the campaign, this approach usually becomes a negative campaign, which is similar to the in 1 TA1 ereader.perlego.com 9:46 campaign, which is similar to the in man-out man approach. What typically makes it different is the absence of any comparative messages. The messages focus instead on negative factors related to the opponent, with little or no positive messages about the candidate provided. Strategically, that can be a risky gamble; a lack of positive information about candidates can keep voters away from the polls, rather than attract them toward the only alternative. Another scenario for this approach occurs during the primary nomination process. Although several candidates may officially be on the ballot, one candidate will sometimes campaign on the basis of being the only ‘viable alternative’ for defeating the nominee of the other party. In this instance, the focus of the campaign messages is on the legitimacy or credibility factors of the campaign, rather than the issues. The argument becomes, ‘Vote for me, because I can defeat the other guy, rather than ‘Vote for me because I ereader.perlego.com Purchase answer to see full attachment Explanation & Answer: 1 Page Tags: communications Obama Discussion socioeconomic statuses User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following our company’shonor code & terms of service.

MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics

Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered throughout the MLA Handbook and in chapter 7 of the MLA Style Manual. Both books provide extensive examples, so it’s a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question.

BASIC IN-TEXT CITATION RULES

In MLA Style, referring to the works of others in your text is done using parenthetical citations. This method involves providing relevant source information in parentheses whenever a sentence uses a quotation or paraphrase. Usually, the simplest way to do this is to put all of the source information in parentheses at the end of the sentence (i.e., just before the period). However, as the examples below will illustrate, there are situations where it makes sense to put the parenthetical elsewhere in the sentence, or even to leave information out.

General Guidelines

• The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1) upon the source medium (e.g. print, web, DVD) and (2) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited page.
• Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry on the Works Cited page.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS: AUTHOR-PAGE STYLE

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author’s last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author’s name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).

Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS FOR PRINT SOURCES WITH KNOWN AUTHOR

For print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.

Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as “symbol-using animals” (3).

Human beings have been described as “symbol-using animals” (Burke 3).

These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry on the Works Cited page:

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. University of California Press, 1966.