A) Multiple Choice Questions: 1) a) b) c) d) e) (4 marks) Power can be defined as one of the following: The successful capacity and ability to influence the behavior of others Only the actualization of the dependency of others Congruence between the goals of the leader and those being led Downward influence on one’s followers Upward influence on one’s leaders. 2) Although the organizational politics vary within the organizational stage of development, politics does not often show up in: a) The introductory stage b) The growing stage c) The maturity stage d) The decline stage e) All stages 3) The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal of personal factors is: a. Attribution b. Self-serving bias c. Implementing the law of effect d. Fundamental attribution error e. Locus of control 4) The process by which people organize and translate their impressions in order to give meaning to their environment is a. Perception b. Adoption c. Prediction d. Satisfaction e. Controlling 5) If we want to explain, predict, and influence behavior, we need to understand how people… a. Act b. Speak c. Think d. Learn e. Judge 1 6) A process in which one party perceives that another party has taken or will take actions that are incompatible with one’s own interests is: a) Conflict b) Confusion c) Distrust d) Competition e) Pro social behavior 7) Social loafing is the tendency for individuals to expand: a) Less effort when working collectively than individually b) More effort when working collectively than individually c) The same effort when working collectively or individually d) No effort at all e) None of the above is a correct answer 8) Sally has not been handling one portion of her duties in a satisfactory manner. As a result, her supervisor threatens her to withhold her promotion. Which power tactic was being used? a) Exchange b) Ingratiation c) Pressure d) Personal appeals e) Inspirational appeals B) State whether the following statements are true or false: (6 marks) 1) Employees who are high self-monitors, possess an internal locus of control, and have a high need for power, are less likely to engage in political behavior. ( ) 2) Fairness and equity are always objective and cannot be residing in our perception. ( ) 3) Attribution theory assumes that none living objects are subjective to the law of nature as people are. ( ) 4) A problem is a discrepancy between a desirable/wanted situation and an actual/available situation. ( ) 5) Conflict within organizations is always destructive and results in negative consequences. ( ) 6) Decisions always involve problems but problem solving does not always involves making decisions. ( ) 7) Deviant workplace behavior is likely to occur when it is supported by group norms. 2 ( ) 8) Learning is any permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience. ( ) 9) Managers often assume that employees share with them their perceptions toward the job performance. ( ) 10) Learning is built on the law of cause and effect which says that behavior is a function of its consequences. ( ) 11) Unlike bulling which is based on race or gender, sexual harassment is not strictly illegal unless it results in a real harm. ( ) 12) Political tactics and activities can help meeting organizational goals because they influence the outcomes. ( ) C) Answer ONLY TWO of the Following Questions Briefly: (8 marks) 1) A person can have power over you only if he or she controls something you desire. Explain the statement. Give an example (4 marks) 2) Identify certain personality traits, needs, and other organizational factors that are likely to be related to political behavior. (4 marks) 3) Some managers believe that political behaviors are necessary and those who do not use it will have hard time getting things done. Do you think politics must exist? If YES, what creates politics? If NO, when is it possible for an organization to be politics free? (4 marks) D) Experiential Question: (3 marks) ‘Conflict is an effective device by which managers can use to solve problems when it is perceived as a constructive approach’. Do you agree with this perspective? Why? Which of the conflict strategies is your strongest and which is your weakest? 3 D) Different Episodes Happen in All Organizations: (6 marks) Read the episodes below and answer the questions: Ahmad is frustrated by a co-worker who constantly spread bad and un-real rumors about him. Sara is tired of a member of her work team who, when confronted with a problem caused by him, takes his frustration by yelling and screaming at her and at other team members. Nadia has recently quit her job after being constantly sexually harassed by her supervisor. Fahad used to leave work early or intentionally work slowly to lie about the hours he works. 1. What do these employees have in common? What do you think constitute such environment and can encourage deviant norms? What are the consequences? 2. What can organizations do to protect itself against sexual harassment incidents? What is your role as a manager? 3. A recent study suggests that employees who work in a group are more likely to engage in deviant behaviors such as lie, cheat, or steal than those who work individually. What do you think? Support your answer. D) Activities (3 marks) Activity 1: Match each of the following distortion to its perceptual shortcut: a) Fail to take into consideration individual differences. b) Married employees are more stable than single ones. d) Speed read others which results in an un-accurate perspective of them. (2m) Hallo Effect Similarity Stereotyping Activity 2: Attribution theory provided explanations of how we judge people differently depending on what meaning we attribute to a given behavior. However, our judgement depends on the three factors. Match each one to what it refers to: (3m) a) Does the person respond the same way over time? Distinctiveness b) Whether the individual displays different behaviors in different situations. Consistency c) If everyone faced with a similar situation responds the same way. Consensus 4 5 Purchase answer to see full attachment Tags: organization behavior Organizational Politics personal factors User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following our company’shonor code & terms of service.

MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics

Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered throughout the MLA Handbook and in chapter 7 of the MLA Style Manual. Both books provide extensive examples, so it’s a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question.

BASIC IN-TEXT CITATION RULES

In MLA Style, referring to the works of others in your text is done using parenthetical citations. This method involves providing relevant source information in parentheses whenever a sentence uses a quotation or paraphrase. Usually, the simplest way to do this is to put all of the source information in parentheses at the end of the sentence (i.e., just before the period). However, as the examples below will illustrate, there are situations where it makes sense to put the parenthetical elsewhere in the sentence, or even to leave information out.

General Guidelines

• The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1) upon the source medium (e.g. print, web, DVD) and (2) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited page.
• Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry on the Works Cited page.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS: AUTHOR-PAGE STYLE

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author’s last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author’s name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).

Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS FOR PRINT SOURCES WITH KNOWN AUTHOR

For print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.

Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as “symbol-using animals” (3).

Human beings have been described as “symbol-using animals” (Burke 3).

These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry on the Works Cited page:

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. University of California Press, 1966.