Explain the British Invasion. What was its impact on the recording industry? What were the major influences of folk music on the recording industry? Why did hip-hop and punk rock emerge as significant musical forms in the late 1970’s and 1980’s? What do their developments have in common, and how are they different? Why does pop music continue to remain powerful today? CHAPTER 4 Sound Recording and Popular Music Taylor Swift and the Music Industry • Despite their lack of affiliation with a major label, Adele and Taylor Swift wield unprecedented power in the music industry. • In 2015, Swift’s open letter protesting Apple Music’s 3month free trial caused Apple to capitulate and pay royalties to artists during the trial period. • Meanwhile, Adele has produced albums on her own schedule. From Cylinders to Disks: Sound Recording Becomes a Mass Medium • Milestones • de Martinville, France, 1850s • Edison’s phonograph, U.S., 1877 • Bell & Tainter’s graphophone, 1886 • Berliner’s gramophone, 1887 • Victrola, 1906 • Vinyl records, early 1940s • 33-1/3 rpm LP record, 1948 • 45-rpm record, 1949 From Phonographs to CDs: Analog Goes Digital • Milestones • Plastic magnetic audiotape, 1940s • Stereo sound, 1958 • Digital recording, 1970s • Compact discs, 1983 • MP3s, ‘music in the cloud,’ and music piracy issues, now Figure 4.1: The Evolution of Digital Sound Recording Sales Convergence: Sound Recording in the Internet Age • MP3s and file sharing • MP3 format developed in 1992. • Supreme Court declared free music file-swapping illegal in 2001. • iTunes is the model for legal music downloading. • Music in the cloud • No physical ownership of music • Subscription and cloud services The Rocky Relationship between Records and Radio • Record sales dropped off in 1924 due to the emergence of radio. • ASCAP established music rights fees for radio by 1925. • Began to cooperate when television became popular • Royalties issue arose again with music streaming companies. The Rise of Pop Music • Tin Pan Alley • Published sheet music • Sales increased with the popularity of the phonograph. • Helped popular music become a mass medium • New forms of popular music • Jazz • Crooners Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay • Rock and roll (mid-1950s) • Blues • Influenced by social, cultural, economic, and political factors • Rhythm and blues (R&B) • Blues-based urban black music • Popular with teens • Beginning of the integration of white and black cultures Rock Muddies the Waters • High and low culture • Chuck Berry, Elvis, and Bo Diddley • Masculinity and femininity • Little Richard and Elvis • The country and the city • Rockabilly • The North and the South • Southern culture and northern listeners • The sacred and the secular • Ray Charles and Jerry Lee Lewis Battles in Rock and Roll • Deejays Alan Freed and Dick Clark help rock gain acceptance. • White cover versions often undermined black artists’ music. • Payola scandals portrayed rock and roll as a corrupt industry. • Fear of juvenile delinquency led to censorship of rock and roll. The British Are Coming! • Beatles invaded America in 1964 • Followed in the next few years by the Rolling Stones, the Zombies, the Animals, Herman’s Hermits, the Who, the Yardbirds, Them, and the Troggs • ‘Rock and roll’ became ‘rock’ • Sent popular music and the industry in two directions Motor City Music: Detroit Gives America Soul • Soul • Merging of R&B, gospel, pop, and early rock and roll • Berry Gordy and Motown • Successful groups included the Supremes, Smokey Robinson, the Temptations, Mary Wells, the Four Tops, Martha and the Vandellas, Marvin Gaye, and the Jackson 5 Folk and Psychedelic Music Reflect the Times • Folk music inspires protest • Sound of social activism • Joan Baez, Arlo Guthrie, Phil Ochs, and Bob Dylan • Rock turns psychedelic • Psychedelic era was influenced, and brought down by, drugs • Jefferson Airplane, Jimi Hendrix, the Doors, and the Grateful Dead Punk, Grunge, and Alternative Respond to Mainstream Rock • Punk rock • Challenged the record business • Ramones, Blondie, Talking Heads • Grunge • Messy guitar sound and appearance • Nirvana, Green Day, Pearl Jam, Hole, Soundgarden, Nine Inch Nails • Punk and grunge are sub-categories of alternative rock Hip-Hop Redraws Musical Lines • Hip-hop • Driven by a democratic, nonprofessional spirit • Run-DMC, Public Enemy, Eminem • Gangster rap • Addresses gang violence, but also accused of creating violence • Tupac Shakur, Notorious B.I.G., 50 cent, and Lupe Fiasco The Reemergence of Pop • Despite the emergence and popularity of other forms of music, pop music has endured. • iTunes • Biggest purveyor of pop • Again made the single the dominant unit of music • Streaming services expanded accessibility to music Music Labels Influence the Industry • United States and global music business still constitute an oligopoly. • Fewer major labels control more music. • The indies spot the trends. • Play a major role as the music industry’s risk-takers • Often swallowed up by major labels when successful Figure 4.2: U.S. Market Share of the Major Labels, 2015 Making, Selling, and Profiting from Music • Making the music • Labels are driven by A&R (artist & repertoire) agents • Selling the music • iTunes, Anderson Merchandisers (Walmart and Best Buy), Amazon • Subscription services • Dividing the profits • Depends on the medium Figure 4.3: Where the Money Goes Alternative Voices • Indie labels continue to thrive. • More viable by using the Internet as low-cost distribution and promotional outlet • Some artists self-publish. • Signed and unsigned artists can reach fans through social networking and video sites. Sound Recording, Free Expression, and Democracy • Battle over rock’s controversial aspects speaks to the heart of democratic expression. • How can popular music uphold a legacy of free expression while resisting domination by giant companies? • Popular music speaks to individual and universal themes. Purchase answer to see full attachment Tags: Recording Industry British invasion American Popular music history record industry music industry musical deadwood Student has agreed that all tutoring, explanations, and answers provided by the tutor will be used to help in the learning process and in accordance with our company’shonor code & terms of service.

MLA In-Text Citations: The Basics

Guidelines for referring to the works of others in your text using MLA style are covered throughout the MLA Handbook and in chapter 7 of the MLA Style Manual. Both books provide extensive examples, so it’s a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with MLA guidelines or if you have a particular reference question.

BASIC IN-TEXT CITATION RULES

In MLA Style, referring to the works of others in your text is done using parenthetical citations. This method involves providing relevant source information in parentheses whenever a sentence uses a quotation or paraphrase. Usually, the simplest way to do this is to put all of the source information in parentheses at the end of the sentence (i.e., just before the period). However, as the examples below will illustrate, there are situations where it makes sense to put the parenthetical elsewhere in the sentence, or even to leave information out.

General Guidelines

• The source information required in a parenthetical citation depends (1) upon the source medium (e.g. print, web, DVD) and (2) upon the source’s entry on the Works Cited page.
• Any source information that you provide in-text must correspond to the source information on the Works Cited page. More specifically, whatever signal word or phrase you provide to your readers in the text must be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of the corresponding entry on the Works Cited page.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS: AUTHOR-PAGE STYLE

MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation. This means that the author’s last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your Works Cited page. The author’s name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence. For example:

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Wordsworth 263).

Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

Both citations in the examples above, (263) and (Wordsworth 263), tell readers that the information in the sentence can be located on page 263 of a work by an author named Wordsworth. If readers want more information about this source, they can turn to the Works Cited page, where, under the name of Wordsworth, they would find the following information:

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. Oxford UP, 1967.

IN-TEXT CITATIONS FOR PRINT SOURCES WITH KNOWN AUTHOR

For print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. If you provide the signal word/phrase in the sentence, you do not need to include it in the parenthetical citation.

Human beings have been described by Kenneth Burke as “symbol-using animals” (3).

Human beings have been described as “symbol-using animals” (Burke 3).

These examples must correspond to an entry that begins with Burke, which will be the first thing that appears on the left-hand margin of an entry on the Works Cited page:

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. University of California Press, 1966.